Ibyuk Pingo
| Ibyuk Pingo | ||
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 Ibyuk Pingo (in the background) and Split Pingo |
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| height | 49 m | |
| location | Northwest Territories , Canada | |
| Coordinates | 69 ° 23 '59 " N , 133 ° 4' 45" W | |
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| Type | Pingo | |
| particularities | largest pingo in Canada | |
The Ibyuk Pingo is a hill in the Canadian Northwest Territories near the village of Tuktoyaktuk . With a height of 49 meters and a circumference of almost 1000 meters, it is considered the second largest pingo in the world. As part of the Pingo Canadian Landmark , it is under state protection.
Surname
The pingo was also initially referred to as the Crater Summit Pingo . In 1959 it was given its current name by the Geographical Names Board of Canada . According to J. Ross Mackay , “Ibyuk” means “ two hills close together ” in the Inuvialuit language . What is meant are today's Ibyuk and the Split Pingo, which have served as landmarks for the residents of the area for centuries . The Gazetteer of the Northwest Territories are against it, "Ibyuk" could "black dirt" ( black dirt mean).
description
The Ibyuk is the largest pingo in Canada and one of around 1350 in the Mackenzie Delta area . It is located on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula about 1.3 km from the Kugmallit Bay of the Beaufort Sea and 5 km southwest of Tuktoyaktuk. Two other pingos - the Split Pingo and the Peninsula Point Pingo - are in the immediate vicinity. The Ibyuk looks like a volcanic cone . At its top, it has a crater-like depression in which, in summer, a lake of variable size and depth, surrounded by arctic willows, forms. Inside the hill there is an ice core with a volume of about one million cubic meters, the bottom of which is at least 15 m below the surface of the neighboring lakes. This is covered by a 15 m thick layer of silt, rubble and sand, in which driftwood was also found.
Emergence
The Ibyuk Pingo was created more than 1000 years ago in the center of a former lake with an original area of 1.5 km². The radiocarbon analysis of organic matter from the surface layer of the Pingos revealed that this lake was created about 12,000 years ago, and around the year 300 n. Chr. Dry fall. By then, a condensation basin with unfrozen water had formed under the lake, which then froze and pushed the surface layer upwards. This process continues today. Between 1973 and 1994 the height of the Ibyuk increased by an average of 2.7 cm annually. During measurements in 2004 and 2005, a height of 49.41 m was determined.
Danger
At the end of a pingo's development there is its natural breakdown. Even without global warming , which leads to the thawing of permafrost in many places , there are risks for the Ibyuk Pingo. On the one hand, there are mass movements , in particular the rotational block slide ( slump ). This often takes place on the steep eastern slope, where there are bare, sandy slopes. Landslides have already occurred on the gentler slopes in the south and west, leading to the formation of terraces. The second danger is from coastal erosion . The Ibyuk Pingo is not directly on the sea coast, but the stream that flows at its northern base is subject to the tides . Storm surges can raise the water level by one to two meters, make the Ibyuk an island temporarily and especially erode the seaward north slope. Thermokarste effects can also lead to a collapse of the Ibyuk. In particular in the summit crater, the top layer over the ice core is so thin that z. B. a drainage of the water from the crater lake can initiate a local thawing process. Likewise, pingo ice could be exposed and melted during further landslides on the eastern slope or at radial expansion cracks.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g J. Ross Mackay: Pingo Growth and collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Western Arctic Coast, Canada: a long-term field study . In: Géographie physique et Quaternaire . Vol. 52, No. 3, 1998, pp. 271-323 (English). doi : 10.7202 / 004847ar
- ^ Gazetteer of the Northwest Territories . NWT Cultural Places Program, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center 2017, accessed January 9, 2018.
- ↑ Fritz Müller: Analysis of some stratigraphic observations and radiocarbon dates from two pingos in the Mackenzie Delta Area, NWT (PDF; 1.4 MB). In: Arctic . Vol. 15, No. 4, 1962, pp. 278-288 (English).
- ^ GK Manson, J. Bastick: Mapping and monitoring activities in the Pingo Canadian Landmark, Tuktoyaktuk, NWT, 2004-2005 . Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 5326, 2006. doi : 10.4095 / 222402