Intervention (politics)
The intervention ( Latin: intervenire , step in between, intervene ') describes the intervention of a previously uninvolved party in a situation . Usually it means intervening in a foreign conflict with the aim of resolving it or directing it in a certain direction.
International politics
The concept of intervention is controversial in international law . A generally applicable legal definition has not yet been recognized. Most of the time, intervention in international politics describes the interference of a state or several states as actors of an international organization in the internal affairs of another state, which are subject to the sole competence of a nation state . Intervention in the sense of international law must be distinguished from intervention as a political manifestation. The former is connected with the goal of changing the authority structure in the intervening state. The second is, for example, violations of territorial sovereignty in border disputes. Interference can be done in a number of ways.
In colloquial language, the use of the term for military interventions in internal conflicts has become common.
Intervention prohibition
In principle, intervening in the internal affairs of a state according to Art. 2 no. 7 of the UN Charter , as every state has the right to freely choose its political, economic, social and cultural system. (The threat and use of force in international relations is prohibited according to Art. 2 No. 4 UN Charter.) In principle, this right is inviolable. Chapter VII of the UN Charter lifts this prohibition if, in the opinion of the United Nations Security Council , intervention is necessary to defend international peace, maintain the rule of law or protect the independence of other states. If one of these cases occurs, the need for intervention by the UN Security Council must be determined. Even humanitarian intervention may be authorized by a resolution of the UN Security Council. In addition to direct interventions, which are so legitimized, indirect interventions can occur when a state tries to overthrow the political system or the actors of another state by supporting the opponents of this regime. These interventions are incompatible with international law. During the Cold War there were a number of such indirect interventions, such as covert interference by the US secret service CIA in the affairs of South Vietnam during the 1960s, the US invasion of Grenada in 1983 or the Iran-Contra affair in the 1980s.
Nonviolent Interventions
Another form of intervention is nonviolent intervention . On the one hand, this can also be described as intervention by external, mostly non-governmental, impartial third parties. On the other hand, this expression describes a class of methods for nonviolent action introduced by Gene Sharp .
Monetary policy
In monetary policy , we speak of intervention when the central bank acts as a buyer or seller of currencies in the foreign exchange market in order to influence the exchange rate .
Subsidy Policy
Subsidy policy as a means of political intervention in economic activity is advocated by the Keynesian doctrine of controlling the economy . Case-related intervention for political reasons, such as the insolvency of the Philipp Holzmann Group , is part of economic policy .
Agricultural subsidies are an example of political intervention . So-called intervention grain is grain that is bought up and resold by the public purse in order to maintain the balance between supply and demand.
This ensures that agricultural companies can sell their products. Within the framework of agricultural policy, this led to some sufficiently efficient farms producing on "intervention" from the start. The overproduction and expensive warehousing resulting from this main cause showed that the market regime had to be reformed.
This results in support for producer prices. In Germany, the intervention is carried out by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Bonn. The BLE publishes annual guidelines for carrying out the intervention of grain for the respective grain marketing year. The guidelines are aimed at those who sell grain ( common wheat , durum wheat , barley , corn ) to the BLE. When the BLE takes the grain into intervention, it is stored in so-called intervention stores. The guidelines lay down the procedure and regulate the conditions of the intervention. The legal bases are numerous EC regulations and national law. Bidders can submit their offers for grain that has to be in a warehouse in the Federal Republic of Germany from November 1st to May 31st. Before the grain is taken over by the BLE, the grain must have certain quality features; accordingly, it is subjected to certain control examinations. If the BLE takes over the grain, a so-called intervention price, which is set by the EC, is paid to the seller.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Cf. Wichard Woyke , Intervention , in: ders. (Ed.), Handwortbuch Internationale Politik , licensed edition for the Federal Agency for Civic Education , Opladen / Farmington Hills: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2006, p. 267 ff.
- ↑ See Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle , Boston: Extending Horizon Books, 2005, pp. 62 ff.
- ↑ BLE intervention page ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
literature
- Ingeborg Kreutzmann: Abuse of humanitarian intervention in the 19th century . Baltica Verlag, Flensburg 2006, ISBN 3-934097-27-8 .