Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Amberg

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The Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Amberg is the Jewish community of Amberg . Today it has around 128 members (as of 2013). Your synagogue is located at Salzgasse 5 in Amberg. Amberg's Elias Dray (* 1977) has been the rabbi since November 28, 2013.

Synagogue in Amberg Salzgasse 5

history

From 1294 to the 18th century

In 1294, the Jewish community of Amberg was first mentioned in writing in a privilege for Duke Rudolf I. In this city privilege, Jews and Christians were treated equally for tax purposes. In 1298 13 Amberg Jews were murdered during the Rintfleisch pogrom . In the 14th century, Jewish families lived in Amberg in a Jewish quarter in the vicinity of today's Frauenkirche. In 1384 a synagogue was built, in 1364 a Jewish school ( yeshiva ), at which Rabbi Sussmann and in 1369 Rabbi Mosse of Vienna taught.

In 1391 the Jews were expelled from Amberg on the instructions of Count Palatine Ruprecht II . In the same year the synagogue was demolished and the Frauenkirche was built in its place at the beginning of the 15th century. The Jewish school only existed until 1391.

From 1391 Jews were forbidden to stay in Amberg. In the 17th century and at the end of the 18th century, the municipalities of the Rothenberg rule as well as Sulzbach and Floß became part of the Electorate of Bavaria. 1200 to 1300 Jews lived in these areas, who were now ruled from Amberg, but were not allowed to enter their seat of government in Amberg.

In the middle of the 18th century, the Sulzbach Jew Hetzendorfer converted to the Catholic faith, married the Amberg black dyer's widow from the whale house and became mayor of Amberg for a few years.

19th century

In 1859 the city council of Amberg forbade Jewish traders to stay in Amberg for more than 24 hours and confiscated their trade patents. Two years later, in 1861, Jews and non-Jews were put on an equal footing. Jews from Sulzbach in particular, but also from other neighboring communities, moved to Amberg and founded various businesses there. The number of Jews in Amberg peaked at 101 in 1900. They opened shoe and textile stores, haberdashery stores, a department store and a bank. In 1881 the Jewish community had a prayer room in Obere Nabburger Strasse, in 1896 a synagogue in Salzgasse and in 1899 an Israelite elementary school. Rosenthaler (1891), B. Gutmann (until 1900), Elias Godlewsky (1900–1908) and Leopold Godlewsky (1908–1938) worked as Jewish teachers. In 1894 the Jewish residents of Amberg founded an Israelite religious community . Amberg did not have his own rabbi. Rabbi Wittelshöfer from Floß was responsible for Amberg. His successor was Rabbi Dr. Magnus Weinberg from Neumarkt .

20th century to 1945

In 1903 the Schwandorf Jews were assigned to the Amberg community. Later Nabburg and Burglengenfeld also came to the Amberg Jewish community and in 1937 Sulzbach too. In 1924 the Jewish community in Amberg had 130 members, including 86 Ambergers, 30 Schwandorfer, 4 each from Haselmühle and Witzelhof and 6 from Nabburg.

In 1927, the still existing and occupied Jewish cemetery in Amberg was laid out at the end of Philipp-Melanchthon-Straße.

From 1933 onwards, the fascist state made life impossible for the Jewish citizens of Amberg with ever increasing reprisals and restrictions. Of the 83 Jewish residents living in Amberg in 1933, 30 emigrated, 10 died, 3 committed suicide, and some tried to go into hiding in the big cities.

In the early morning hours of November 10, 1938 , 30 SA members burned the interior of the Amberg synagogue on the street. The synagogue's windows were nailed shut and it was used as a food store during the war. All of Amberg's Jews were taken into protective custody, the women only for the day and the men taken to the Dachau concentration camp .

In 1942 there were only 12 Jewish residents in Amberg, who were deported to a camp near Lublin that year. At least 38 Amberg Jews became victims of the Holocaust .

Since 1945

17 of the SA men involved in the desecration of the Amberg synagogue stood on trial after the war. 4 were acquitted, the rest received prison terms of between 3 months and 4 years, appeals for clemency were approved.

Between 1945 and 1950 a total of 500 Jews came to Amberg, some of them of Polish origin, who had survived concentration camps and death marches. They were given by the Polish Rabbi Dr. Nathan Zanger, who reactivated the old synagogue. Most of them emigrated to Israel and the United States in 1948. In 1953 there were 41 and in 1989 only 26 Jews in Amberg.

From 1990 the number of Jewish Ambergers grew again due to immigration from the former Soviet Union . In 2007, 250 people belonged to the Jewish community of Amberg.

In 2012, on the initiative of the Gregor-Mendel-Gymnasium Amberg, 15 stumbling blocks were laid in memory of the Jewish victims of National Socialism in Amberg.

The Jewish community of Amberg has had its own rabbi, Elias Dray (* 1977) from Amberg, since 2013. Rabbi Elias Dray was the youth rabbi of the IKG Munich and Upper Bavaria from 2006 to 2013.

The official name of the Jewish community in Amberg is: Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Amberg. She is a member of the regional association of Israelite religious communities in Bavaria .

literature

  • Dieter Dörner: Jews in Amberg - Jews in Bavaria . Bodner, Pressath 2003, ISBN 3-937117-01-6 .
  • Dieter Dörner: Jews in Amberg 2: decline and new beginning 1933–1945–1950 . Bodner, Pressath 2006, ISBN 3-937117-41-5 .
  • Dieter Dörner: Jews in Amberg - from the Middle Ages to the modern age. In: Oberpfälzer Kulturbund (Hrsg.): 975 years Amberg - a city in the middle of the historic North Gau (= Festschrift for the 38th Bavarian North Gau Day in Amberg). Regensburg 2009, pp. 89-94 ( online , PDF, 334 kB).

Web links

Commons : Judaism in Amberg  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Amberg Kdö.R. , Central Council of Jews in Germany, accessed: October 22, 2014
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Amberg (Upper Palatinate): Jewish history / synagogues. Alemannia Judaica, accessed October 22, 2014
  3. ↑ a b New rabbi officiates in his home country. Mittelbayerische Zeitung, November 29, 2013, accessed: October 22, 2014
  4. ↑ a b http://www.ordonline.de/rabbiner/dray_elias/
  5. ↑ a b c d From the history of the Jewish communities in Germany: Amberg (Oberpfalz / Bavaria) . Jewish-gemeinden.de, accessed: October 22, 2014
  6. ↑ a b c d Dieter Dörner: Jews in Amberg - from the Middle Ages to the modern age. In: Oberpfälzer Kulturbund (Hrsg.): 975 years Amberg - a city in the middle of the historic North Gau (= Festschrift for the 38th Bavarian North Gau Day in Amberg). Regensburg 2009, pp. 89-94 ( online , PDF, 334 kB).
  7. ^ Amberg (Upper Palatinate): Jewish cemetery. Alemannia Judaica, accessed October 22, 2014