Beef pogrom

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As rintfleisch massacres or Rintfleisch tracking is one in 1298, especially in Swiss francs , but also in the Upper Palatinate and other parts of Old Bavaria , perpetrated mass murder of Jews called.

Persecution broke out on April 20, 1298

In the small town of Röttingen there were rumors about the desecration of the host . A group of "Jewish thugs" led by the " nobilis Rintfleisch" or "König Rintfleisch" ( Latin also quidam nobilis dictus rex Rintfleisch ) through Franconia and neighboring areas and carried out massacres of the local Jewish communities . On April 20, 1298, the 21 Jews of the city of Röttingen were burned at the stake in the first massacre . Rintfleisch, who is sometimes referred to in the sources as an impoverished knight and mostly as " carnifex " (= butcher, but also executioner ), announced that he had received a personal message from heaven and had been appointed to destroy all Jews. Rintfleisch, whose first name has not been passed down, was probably not a nobleman. According to Turnau, a certain Johann von Rinberg comes into consideration.

Historical background

The persecution of Rintfleisch in its spatial extent and violence can not be understood without the throne disputes between Albrecht I of Austria and Adolf von Nassau . Because of them, a significant number of the Franconian rulers were absent with significant troops until the decisive battle at Göllheim on July 2, 1298 and shortly afterwards.

Number of those killed

The peak of the massacre was in the second half of July, the persecution subsided in August, and the culmination was the annihilation of the Jewish community in Heilbronn on October 19, 1298. A total of at least 4,000 to 5,000 Jews were murdered, which became Jewish communities in many cities in Franconia exterminated. The community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber was attacked three times in four weeks: On June 25, 53 deaths were reported (according to another source 57), on July 18 another at least 36; the rest of the community, just under 450 people, then fled to the Rothenburg Reichsburg , which was besieged from Sunday, July 20, and taken on July 22, and all were killed. In Würzburg there were about 900 murdered on July 24, 1298, including the communities in Nördlingen , Heideck , Weißenburg (after July 26), Berching (July 27, around 30 killed), Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz (July 27, at least 40 killed, according to another source 65, including some Christians who had tried to protect Jews), Bamberg (July 27, more than 130 killed) and Nuremberg (August 1, 1298, 628 murdered) were destroyed. The names of 3441 murdered Jews from 44 “blood cities” are listed in the Nuremberg Memor Book .

The Jewish community of Regensburg and the Jews in Augsburg were protected by the magistrates of these free imperial cities . It is recorded from Regensburg that the city council had to enforce the protection of the Jews against part of its own citizenship. The time of the attacks on the communities of these two cities is not known. In Augsburg, the Jewish community committed itself in a document dated August 23, 1298 to rebuild part of the city wall at its own expense within four years. Since this was to be done “in honor of the city”, the rescue from the pogrom probably took place shortly before.

Course and geographical extent of the persecution

The procession of "King Rintfleisch" can be followed very closely , especially in the area where the persecution started and in the Hohenlohe and Heilbronn area . In the core area, the Jewish communities in Bad Windsheim (at least 54 burned) and Neustadt an der Aisch (at least 60 burned, or 71 dead) and Markt Erlbach (several Jews were slain there) were attacked on June 23, followed by the one in Iphofen (June 24th, 25 killed), Markt Bibart (probably on June 24th or 25th, over twelve killed), the first attack on the community in Rothenburg odT (June 25th), then on the Jews in Ochsenfurt ( June 28th). / 29 June) and in Bad Mergentheim (30 June). A little further west, Sindringen (July 22nd), Tauberbischofsheim (whose Jewish community was massacred in nearby Gamburg on July 24th), Möckmühl (July 25th), Krautheim (July 26th), Mosbach (July 28th) followed a little further west around three weeks later ) and Aries (July 29). Massacres, the exact date of which has not been recorded, also occurred. a. in Lauda , Walldürn , Wertheim , Öhringen , Ingelfingen , Künzelsau , Stetten, Creglingen , Weinsberg , Waldenburg , Forchtenberg , Güglingen , Leonberg , Sontheim and Weikersheim . Since the places with the massacres dated to the exact day are not on the same line, the persecutors apparently split up into several groups (massacre in Würzburg on July 23, 60 km from Sindringen, July 22). This is also supported by the large geographical distance of around 350 kilometers between the Jewish communities that were afflicted in a few weeks from some places in the Sömmerda / Thuringia area in the north to southern Upper Swabia in the south.

The last massacre

The last three persecutions hit Gartach on August 17, Weinheim am Odenwald on September 20, and finally on October 19, 1298 the Jewish community of Heilbronn, whose 143 (according to another source 200) members were murdered. The "Gartach" mentioned with 136 (according to other sources 133) victims is understood as an allotment garden .

King Albrecht I finally had Rintfleisch and other leaders of the massacres probably banished, but according to another (later and possibly tendentious) source arrested, expropriated and hanged . The cities in which Jews were killed were therefore sentenced to fines to the king.

The persecutions were documented in the Historiae Memorabiles .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Röttingen (district of Würzburg). Jewish history. In: Alemannia Judaica , accessed on January 21, 2019.
  2. ↑ For name and occupation variants see Volker Turnau: Political Motives in the Persecution of Jews in the Reich during the second half of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century. [O. O.] July 7, 2013, p. 11 ff., Also note 2 ff. ( Hbz-nrw.de [PDF; 563 kB]).
  3. ↑ a b c Article of the Jewish Encyclopedia (see web links ; accessed December 23, 2008).
  4. ↑ Volker Turnau: Political motives in the persecution of Jews in the Reich during the second half of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century. [O. O.] July 7, 2013, pp. 2–83, here: pp. 14 and ö. ( hbz-nrw.de [PDF; 563 kB]).
  5. ↑ Nürnberger Stadtlexikon, ed. by Michael Diefenbacher et. al., Verlag W. Tümmels, Nuremberg; 2nd edition 2000, p. 501
  6. ↑ Quotation: “We (...) diu common the Jews in the seat, be genent or not, poor and rich, do chunt to all who read, hear or see the these letters, [...] that we are the seat , and ze nuz and the richen ze dienst ain mawr are making waves in front of our chirchof, hindan for the stat maur zem holy chrüece, untz at the ditch, in four iars ”.
  7. ^ Adolf Eckstein : History of the Jews in the Margraviate Bayreuth. B. Seligsberg, Bayreuth 1907, p. 1 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ffreimann%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F639665~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D in the Freimann collection ).
  8. ^ Max Döllner : History of the development of the city of Neustadt an der Aisch up to 1933. Ph. C. W. Schmidt, Neustadt a. d. Aisch 1950, OCLC 42823280 ; New edition to mark the 150th anniversary of the Ph. C. W. Schmidt publishing house, Neustadt an der Aisch 1828–1978. Ibid 1978, ISBN 3-87707-013-2 , p. 163 f.
  9. ↑ Unclear, probably Sontheim near Heilbronn. See Sontheim (City of Heilbronn). Jewish history / prayer room / synagogue. In: alemannia-judaica.de, accessed on January 21, 2019.
  10. ^ Angerbauer / Frank: Jewish communities in the district and city of Heilbronn. In: Writings of the district of Heilbronn. 1. Heilbronn 1986, pp. 125-126.
  11. ^ Joachim Hahn: History of the Jews in the Kraichgau. In: Kraichgau. Episode 9/1985, ZDB -ID 127933-6 , p. 158.
  12. ↑ Peter Beisel: Jewish traces in our homeland. In: Kraichgau. Episode 17/2002, p. 97.