JP-8
| JP-8 | |
|---|---|
| other names |
JP 8, F-34 |
| Brief description | Fuel for jet engines, kerosene-based |
| origin |
fossil |
| Characteristic components |
Kerosene, additives |
| CAS number |
Mixture of 8008-20-6 and 68551-17-7 |
| properties | |
| Physical state | liquid |
| viscosity |
8 mm 2 / s (20 ° C) |
| density |
0.775-0.840 kg / L (15.6 ° C) |
| Melting range | −47.2 ° C |
| Boiling range |
205-300 ° C |
| Flash point |
37.8 ° C |
| Explosive limit | 0.7-5% by volume |
| safety instructions | |
| As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . | |
JP-8 or JP8 (for jet propellant , about jet fuel ) is an aviation turbine fuel for jet aircraft and helicopters with a turbine engine, the standard of which was set in 1990 by the USA . The fuel is based on kerosene . It is a substitute for JP-4 fuel , which was used in the US Air Force until around autumn 1996.
JP-8 is said to contain less benzene (a carcinogen ) and less hexane (a neurotoxin ) than JP-4 . On the other hand, the fuel smells stronger than JP-4 and is much more oily than the rather thin JP-4 . Workers who come into contact with JP-8 report that they can smell and taste JP-8 for hours after the work is completed . Since JP-8 evaporates less quickly due to its high boiling point, contaminated surfaces remain wetted longer and the likelihood of direct contact with the fuel increases.
JP-8 was developed to have a less flammable and thus less dangerous fuel and thereby increase the safety in everyday use and the survivability of the troops in the field. It is planned to use JP-8 by around 2025. The fuel was used on some NATO bases as early as 1978. Its NATO code is F-34 . The specifications are for example set out in the military standard MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defense Standard 91-87.
JP-8 is also used as a universal fuel in military diesel engines. Since the cetane number is not specified, however, there are problems with modern, highly charged diesel engines with ignition delay during cold starts and when idling with a cold engine. The lubricity is also not specified. This is why this aircraft fuel is only suitable to a limited extent for use in common rail systems. Both the cetane number and the lubricity can be improved with the multifunction additive S-1750, the fuel is then given the designation F-63 and is unsuitable for applications other than diesel engines. There is also a reference or acceptance fuel in accordance with MIL-DTL-46162 with tighter tolerances and u. a. additionally specified cetane number. In addition to refueling aircraft, JP-8 is also used to operate heaters or ovens, tanks or other military vehicles.
The following additives are additives to improve the fuel properties:
- A mixture of fatty acids, primarily dilinoleic acid 4 g / m³ to 8 g / m³, as a corrosion protection agent .
- As antifreeze until 1994, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME), since 1994 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DIEGME) with a volume fraction of 0.10 to 0.15 percent.
- A soap-based detergent / dispersant additive (previously also called HD additive) mixed with phenolic antioxidants in a concentration of 0.256 g / m³ is used for thermal stability. The exact composition is protected by patent.
Jet-A1 , the fuel used in civil aviation, is based on the same type of kerosene, but with fewer additives.
The US Navy uses a similar fuel, the JP-5 . JP-5 has an even higher flash point than JP-8 , but because of its significantly higher procurement costs, it is usually only used on aircraft carriers , where the safety aspect outweighs the costs. JP-8 is also used at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to generate heat and electricity and to melt ice for drinking water. It was used there because it is one of the few fuels that does not flocculate or gel in the ambient conditions there.
JP-8 + 100 is a version of JP-8 with additional additives designed to increase its thermal stability by 100 ° F (55 ° C). The additive consists of surfactants , metal inhibitors and antioxidants , among other things . The version has been in use since 1994. The additives reduce slagging and pollution in engine injection systems. In civil aviation, this variant is used, for example, in police helicopters in Tampa, Florida.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Page no longer available , search in web archives: Safety data sheet JP-8 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 218 kB).
- ↑ National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs US Antarctic Program: YOUR STAY AT AMUNDSEN-SCOTT SOUTH POLE STATION ( Memento from November 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Evaluation of Impacts of JP-8 + 100 on Army Aviation and Ground Vehicles: Phase I Impact Study ( Memento from January 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), p. 1.
- ^ Jet Fuels in the US ( Memento August 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
literature
- JD Pleil, LB Smith, SD Zelnick: Personal exposure to JP-8 jet fuel vapors and exhaust at air force bases . In: Environmental Health Perspectives . tape 108 , no. 3 , 2000, pp. 183-192 , PMID 10706522 , PMC 1637984 (free full text).
Web links
- Marion Hahn: Environmentally sick from NATO fuel? In: Science & Peace. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .
- Answer of the federal government to the minor question of the MPs Eva-Maria Bulling-Schröter and the parliamentary group of the PDS: Ingredients of fuels used by the military ( BT-Drs. 14/6420 ).