Jam (land)

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Jam in hieroglyphics
i mA M1 m xAst

J3m / Jm3
Jam

Jam or Ima was a Nubian country or place that is mentioned a total of 13 times in Egyptian sources from the Old to the New Kingdom . An identification with the country Jrm , which has been mentioned again and again since the New Kingdom , the place Arame mentioned in Meroitic inscriptions and the modern people of the Oromo is possible for phonetic reasons, but not mandatory. The Hathor of Imaaw mentioned in the Old Kingdom may belong to Jam .

The first mention can be found in the biography of Prince Weni , who, under Pepi I and his successor Merenre, used mercenaries from Jam against Semitic Bedouins and as labor to procure the building materials necessary for building the pyramids. Around the same time, the chief of the foreign- speaking Harchufs made three or four trips to Jam, the routes of which are briefly described in the biography of the Harchufs. From one of these trips he brought a "dwarf", possibly a pygmy from Jam. At the end of the Old Kingdom there was apparently the office of head of the foreign speakers of Jam . Under Sesostris III. Jam appears in outlawing texts , some other mentions, probably without their own source value, come from Thutmose III's lists of the southern peoples . , Amenophis II. And Ramses III.

The localization of Jams is still widely discussed today, with particular importance being attached to the route mentioned in the inscription of Harchuf and the journey time of seven or eight months. The proposed Mahass , the area of ​​the Second Cataract or even further north, for which the fact that Jam Egypt provided mercenaries would suggest, the Dunkul oasis, the area around Kerma , Darfur , and the Wadai .

literature

  • David M. Dixon: The Land of Yam. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology. Volume 44, 1958, pp. 40-55 ( PDF; 18.5 MB ).
  • Gerhard Fecht : The reports from ḥrw-ḫwj.f about his trip to J3m. In: M. Görg, Edgar Pusch (Hrsg.): Festschrift Elmar Edel (= Egypt and Old Testament. Volume 1). Bamberg 1979, pp. 105-134.
  • David B. O'Connor: The Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications. In: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Volume 23, 1986, pp. 27-50.
  • Babacar Sall: Herkouf et le pays de Yam. In: ANKH. Revue d'égyptologie et des civilizations africaines. Volume 4/5, 1996, pp. 56-71.
  • Jean Yoyotte : Pour une localization du pays de Iam. In: Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. Volume 52, 1953, pp. 173-178 ( online version ).
  • Karola Zibelius: African place and peoples names in hieroglyphic and hieratic texts (= supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Near East. Row B, No. 1). Reichert, Wiesbaden, 1972 ISBN 3-920153-18-9 .