Japanese Brazilians
As Japanese Brazilian ( portug. Nipo-brasileiro or nisei (after the Japanese term 二世nisei for second generation ); Jap. 日系ブラジル人 , nikkei Burajiru-jin ) are citizens of Brazil referred to the Japanese descent. Their number is estimated at around 1.5 million. The majority of them live in the state of São Paulo , in Paraná the Japanese are also a significant minority. Brazil is the largest Japanese community abroad. In São PauloLiberdade district is known as the center of Japanese culture.
history
Until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan pursued a policy of isolation from the outside world . This restoration brought about major social, economic and political changes, including: a. which marked the beginning of a transformation from a feudal peasant state to a modern industrial state. As a result, many farmers became impoverished, who then looked for better living conditions. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of Brazil's main exports was coffee, a large part of which was harvested by Italian emigrants. In 1902, however, Italy prevented emigration to Brazil, so that there was a lack of plantation workers. In 1907 the state of São Paulo concluded various contracts with Japanese companies, including the Kōkoku Shokumin Kaisha ( 皇 国 殖民 会 社 , literally: "Empire Settler Company" English Empire Emigration Company ) by Mizuno Ryō . 781 Japanese, mainly farmers, arrived in Santos through this company on board the Kasato-maru ( 笠 戸 丸 ) on June 18, 1908 , making them the first group of emigrants after a group of translators sent in advance in March. In 1917 the Japanese state founded the Kaigai Kōgyō Kabushiki Kaisha ( 海外 興業 株式會社 , literally: “Overseas Company Foundation -Aktiengesellschaft”), which from 1920 exercised a monopoly on emigration to Brazil and promoted emigration through state funding. The period from 1924 onwards is therefore considered to be the peak of Japanese immigration to Brazil.
During the Second World War , Japan sided with the Axis powers and Brazil sided with the Allies . In 1941 the two states broke off their relations and immigration came to a standstill. Japanese schools were closed and the public use of Japanese restricted. After the end of the Second World War the situation improved again and there was a last big wave of Japanese immigrants to Brazil, which eventually flattened with the rise of Japan to economic power and also led to a small part of the Japanese Brazilians moving back to Japan. Among the “returnees” were also many who were born in Brazil and grew up there. This group of returnees to the homeland of their ancestors, which is often strange to them, is called Dekassegui (Brazilian Portuguese from jap. Dekasegi ).
These three waves of immigration brought about 28,706 Japanese to Brazil from 1908 to 1920, from 1921 to 1940 the number of newcomers from Japan rose to 160,764 and fell from 1941 to 1960 to 43,572.
Younger generations of Japanese Brazilians in particular tend to assimilate into the Brazilian majority society today . Many younger people only have a basic knowledge of Japanese and mostly speak Portuguese among themselves . Brazilians of Japanese descent are still perceived as Japanese due to their appearance, but are culturally largely assimilated.
Today there are over 275,000 Brazilian citizens living in Japan, the majority of whom are Japano-Brazilians. Since the financial crisis from 2007 was organized by the Japan hit hard, thousands have returned them to Brazil.
Personalities
- Alfredo Kojima , computer scientist
- Hugo Hoyama , table tennis player
- Rodrigo Tabata (* 1980), football player
- Marcus Tulio Tanaka (* 1981), football player
- Lyoto Machida (* 1978), martial arts fighter
- Paulo Nagamura (born 1983), football player
- Lisa Ono , singer
- Tizuka Yamasaki , director
- Tomie Ohtake , painter
- Ruy Ohtake , architect
Web links
- Brazilian Society of Japanese Culture (Portuguese) (unavailable)
- Official website of the museum about Japanese immigration to Brazil (Portuguese)
- Japanese Foundation in Sao Paulo (Portuguese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated August 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from June 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20080115i1.html
- ↑ a b c Anicleide Zequini, Aline A. Zanatta: A Imigração Japonesa em Itu. In: itu.com.br. Itu , November 10, 2008, accessed January 22, 2012 (Portuguese).
- ↑ http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200805030045.html ( Memento from May 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
