Yelisaveta Feodorovna Litvinova

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Yelisaveta Litvinova

Yelizaveta Fedorovna Litvinova , born Iwaschkina ( russian . Елизавета Федоровна Литвинова, ур Ивашкина ; born September 21 . Jul / 3 October 1845 greg. In Tula , Russia , † 1919 in Russia) was a Russian mathematician and teacher. She was the first woman to receive a regular doctorate in mathematics in Europe in 1878.

life and work

Ivaschkina married Viktor Litvinov in 1866 and received lessons from Alexander Nikolajewitsch Strannoljubski, Sofja Wassiljewna Kowalewskaja´s former private teacher for mathematics. Her husband died in 1872 and she went to Zurich to study at the Polytechnic Institute until 1876. Here she was a student of Hermann Amandus Schwarz , who was admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1897. In 1873, Tsar Alexander II (Russia) decreed that all Russian women studying in Zurich must return to Russia. Litvinova was one of the few who did not comply with this decree. In 1876 she received the Baccalaureat in Zurich . In 1868 the University of Bern admitted a first woman to study, and because the Tsar declared the University of Zurich a revolutionary university, many women from Russia studied in Bern from 1873 until the First World War . The first woman to receive a regular doctorate in mathematics in Europe was in 1878 at the University of Bern with Ludwig Schläfli Litwinowa with the dissertation: Solving a mapping problem. When she returned to Russia, she became a lower class teacher at a private high school in Saint Petersburg because she had ignored the tsarist decree of 1873. After several years and repeated appeals, she was the first woman in Russia to be allowed to teach mathematics for the upper classes in high school. She was paid by the hour and supplemented her low salary by writing the biographies of famous mathematicians such as Aristotle and Sofja Wassiljewna Kovalevskaya . Since she had defied the tsar's decree, she was not given any pension rights. In 1897 she was one of the 4 Russian delegates who attended the International Women's Congress in Brussels . She died in 1919 during the civil war after the Russian Revolution . She has published over 70 articles on the philosophy and practice of teaching mathematics.

literature

  • Bruno Colbois, Christine Riedtmann, Viktor Schroeder: Société Mathématique Suisse - Swiss Mathematical Society 1910-2010, 2010, ISBN 978-3037190890 .
  • Renate Tobies: Despite all male culture ": Women in mathematics and natural sciences
  • Koblitz, Ann Hibner. "Elizaveta Fedorovna Litvinova," in Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook, Grinstein and Campbell, Editors, Greenwood Press, 1987, 129-134.
  • Koblitz, Ann Hibner. "Elizaveta Fedorovna Litvinova (1845-1919) - Russian Mathematician and Pedagogue," AWM Newsletter, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1984.
  • AH Koblitz: Sofia Vasilevna Kovalevskaia, in Louise S. Grinstein, Paul J. Campbell: Women of Mathematics: A Bio-Bibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, New York, 1987, ISBN 978-0-313-24849-8 .
  • Bettye Anne Case, Anne M. Leggett: Complexities: Women in Mathematics, 2005, ISBN 978-0691114620 .

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Litvinova, Jelisaveta Feodorovna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Litvinova, Jelisaveta; from Litwinowa-Iwaschkina, Elisabetha; Литвинова, Елизавета Федоровна (Russian); Ivashkina, Jelisaveta Fyodorovna (maiden name); Ивашкина, Елизавета Федоровна (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian mathematician and teacher
DATE OF BIRTH October 3, 1845
PLACE OF BIRTH Tula , Russia
DATE OF DEATH 1919
Place of death Russia