Kabul Khan

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Depiction of Chabul Chan in the Mongol castle

Kabul Khan , actually Chabul Chan ( Mongolian Хабул хан ), often referred to as Kabul Khagan , was a Mongolian ruler of the 12th century. His reign is difficult to grasp today and falls roughly between 1123 and 1150.

biography

General

In the absence of written evidence, Kabul Khan's time can only be reconstructed through brief statements in later writings. For example in a legation report from 1221, in a book by Raschid ad-Din (from around 1303) and in the Chinese court chronicles of the 14th century. Kabul Khan is also mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols , but only as a paraphrase from the Ming Dynasty . For this reason, all knowledge about him is very contradictory and therefore not particularly reliable. Rather, the historical figure of Kabul Khan is now part of the legends.

Life

Kabul Khan was born the son of the Mongolian clan leader Tumghai and belonged to the Borjigin clan . His great-grandfather Khaidu to the case of a war within the Mongol tribes Khan would have won. Kabul Khan's main wife was Goa Kulkua Khatun from the Qongirat tribe and this marriage resulted in several sons.

The Mongol prince Kabul is considered in Mongolian history to be the founder of the first Mongolian state, which was very nomadic and is now known as Qamuq Mongqol .

At the height of his power (around 1147), Kabul Khan probably invaded the border areas of Jin China several times and forced it to a peace treaty: In this peace treaty, the Mongols are said to be awarded 27 border fortresses and a tribute to cattle, sheep, etc.
These numbers are mentioned in a Chinese legation report from 1221. The prince as such is not mentioned in this report. Instead, the incumbent Mongol Khan was mentioned with a title ( oro bogile , 'prince of the throne').

In another document, Kabul Khan is invited as an ally to the court of Emperor Jin, Emperor Holoma (r. 1135–1149). There Kabul Khan got drunk and "plucked the emperor's beard". After the Mongol's departure, Holoma sent scouts into the steppe to capture Kabul Khan. However, these were killed by the Mongol Khan.

After that

When Kabul Khan died, the nomadic Mongol empire quickly disintegrated. It was just a loose alliance of related and autonomous tribal groups under the command of the Khan. They were only obliged to achieve military success in war or raids.

Kabul Khan's sons Önkin and Khutula tried unsuccessfully to maintain the declining Mongol Empire against the Tatars living on the Kerulen , who in turn were allied with Jin China. Önkin was taken prisoner by the Tatars and was extradited to the Jin Emperor. His cousin Ambachai , the prince of Taijut , went with him into captivity.

Khutula led several unsuccessful campaigns against the Jin dynasty to redeem his relatives. Due to its unsuccessfulness, the clans split around 1161. A bloody tribal war broke out among the leading Mongolian clans, which was to be victoriously ended by the Taijut.

It was not until Kabul Khan's great-grandson Temüdschin was able to break the supremacy of the Taijut clan over the Mongolian tribes in 1189, when he was elevated to Genghis Khan by the majority of princes on the banks of the Senggür . Thus, in modern Mongolian history, the tribal state of Qamuq Mongqol is considered to have been resurrected, as Temüdschin followed the direct bloodline of Kabul Khan: Kabul Khan - Bartan Ba'atur - Yesügai Ba'atur - Genghis Khan

literature

  • Manfred Taube (ed.): Secret history of the Mongols. Origin, life and advancement of Činggis Qans. Kiepenheuer u. Witsch, Leipzig et al. 1989, ISBN 3-378-00297-2 .
  • Michael Weiers : History of the Mongols (= Kohlhammer-Urban pocket books 603). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-17-017206-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Also known as Tumbinai .
  2. ↑ Also known as Qaidu .
  3. ↑ a b Chuluun Dalai: The historical role of Činggis Khan as the founder of the Mongolian Empire. In: Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany GmbH. (Ed.): Genghis Khan and his heirs. The Mongol Empire. Hirmer, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-7774-2545-1 , pp. 14–17, here 14–15.
  4. ^ Author Raschid ad-Din is considered unsafe.
  5. ↑ Also known as Xīzōng.
  6. ↑ Also known as Bator , Batur or Bahadur . This title, meaning 'the brave' or 'the hero', refers to a clan leader who, although belonging to the nobility, was not entitled to use the title of khan.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Kabul Khan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kabul Khagan; Qabul Qagan Qan
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Mongolian ruler
DATE OF BIRTH 11th century or 12th century
DATE OF DEATH around 1150