kaluti list

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A kaluti list or kaluti -Opferliste is an enumeration of Hurrian deities in their ranking or order in which they are beopfert. The expression occurs only in cuneiform texts from Hittite archives, especially from Boğazkale . The texts are mostly written in Hurricane . Similar lists can be found in Ugarit , where Hurrian deities are listed, but without the word kaluti being used. The order of the deities depicted in the Hittite rock sanctuary Yazılıkaya also seems to follow the Hurrian kaluti lists , insofar as the deities can be determined .

The origin of the word kaluti "row, circle, sacrificial round" is controversial. A Hittite - Indo-European origin (cf. ancient Greek κλώθω "spider"), Hurrian ( kaluwati "?"; Kulwašše "a kind of gift") or Akkadian ( kalû "all, totality") derivation is being considered. The Hittite verb kalutiya- "sacrifice one after the other" is derived from this .

Type and structure

The kaluti lists are divided into a male list by the weather god Teššub and a female list by his wife Ḫebat . These can in turn be divided into groups, which are often based on a place of worship, such as the kaluti list of Teššub from Ḫalba or the kaluti list of the weather god of Šapinuwa . By far the most common traditional list is called the “standard kaluti list”.

Both the kaluti lists of Teššub and Ḫebat begin with the main deities of the Hurrian pantheon, followed by lower-ranking deities. These are followed by deified objects such as sword, percussion weapon, torches and heroism of Teššub or anointing oil, bed, lyre, bolts and figurines of the Ḫebat. Both are attributed to the stool, chair, throne, incense stand, incense bowl and offering table. Collective gods, like the father gods, are also called. Complete lists end with the "named and unnamed deities" so that no deities are forgotten. The order of the male kaluti lists is more rigid than that of the female ones.

Since the kaluti lists are a Hittite-Hurrian phenomenon, originally Hittite god names can also be inserted or instead of the Hurrian ones, which makes it easier to identify individual less well-known deities.

Lists

The standard kaluti list Teššub is the most extensive and a mixture between Hurrian and Hittite deities. The language of this list is Hurrian, which is why several of the entries at the end are not understood.

Weather gods - Ḫutezzi - Šuwaliyat - Halki - Ea - moon god - sun god - sun goddess of Arinna - Ḫatni Wišaišaḫpi - Nubadig - patron god of Hatti - Ishtar of the sky, the mistress Pirinkar - Ḫešui - Iršappa the dealer - Tenu , Teššubs vizier - Incense and Picture holder - Earth and sky - mountains and rivers - Teššub's bull calf Šarruma - Šeri and Ḫurri - father gods Teššub - father gods of the sacrifice - weapon, sword Teššub - some unidentifiable objects, including Teššub's percussion weapon, followed by various groups of gods and then stool, chair, throne , Offering table and other cult objects Teššub - portrait of the Ninegal - Ugur Šumatani and finally the "gods mentioned" and the "gods unnamed".

For comparison, the kaluti list from Šapinuwa with only Hurrian names and expressions:

Teššub of salvation - Teššub of the army camp - Teššub of Šapinuwa - Tašmiš - Ane - Kumarbi - Ea - Kušuḫ - Šimige - Aštabi - Nubadig - Ḫešui - Ḫatni Bišaišaḫpi - earth and sky - celestial stars - mountains and rivers - Tešubs expression - Tešubs expression - unclear Bull calf Šarruma - Šeri and Ḫurri the bulls - Namni and Ḫazzi , the pure mountains - list of objects, similar to the standard list.

The standard kaluti list Ḫebats is:

Hebat - Ḫebat- sarruma - Daru Dakitu - Ḫudena - Ḫudellurra - Ishara - Reclassifi- Nikkal - Allani - Sauska - Ninatta and Kulitta - Sauska of Nineveh - Ninatta and Kulitta - Nabarbi - Suwała - Uršue Iškalli - Salas Bitinḫi - Adamma - Kubaba - Ḫašuntarḫi - Father gods Ḫebats - father gods of the sacrifice - various mostly unknown objects, including bed, stool, chair and sacrificial table, censer and some lower deities.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Emmanuel Laroche : Notes sur le pantheon hourrite de Ras Shamra. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 88, No. 1, 1968, pp. 148-150, doi : 10.2307 / 597908 .
  2. ^ Piotr Taracha : Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia (= Dresden contributions to Hethitology. Vol. 27). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8 . P. 94 f.
  3. ↑ Mauro Giorgieri, Leyla Murat, Aygül Süel: The kaluti-list of the Storm-god of Šapinuwa from Ortaköy (Or. 90/175) and its parallels from Boğazköy. In: Kaskal. Vol. 10, 2013, pp. 169-183, doi : 10.1400 / 217185 .
  4. ↑ Ilse Wegner: Hurrian lists of victims from Hittite festival descriptions. Part 2. 2002, 53ff.

literature

  • Emmanuel Laroche: Teššub, Ḫebat et leur cour. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies . Vol. 2, No. 2, 1948, pp. 113-136, doi : 10.2307 / 1359380 .
  • Ilse Wegner: Hurrian lists of victims from Hittite festival descriptions. Part 2: Texts for Teššub, Ḫebat and other deities (= corpus of the Hurrian language monuments. Dept. 1: The texts from Boğazköy. Vol. 3). Multigrafica Editrice et al., Rome 2002, ISBN 88-87345-07-4 .