Karlsruhe nuclide map

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The Karlsruhe nuclide map is a widely used nuclide map in printed form.

properties

It is a two-dimensional graphic representation in the Segrè arrangement with the neutron number N on the abscissa and the proton number Z on the ordinate . Each nuclide is represented at the intersection of its respective number of neutrons and protons by a small square field with an entered element symbol and number of nucleons . By dividing such a field into columns , nuclear isomers can also be represented in addition to the ground state . The - if necessary segmented - color of a field shows, in addition to the existing text entries, the observed radioactive decay types of the nuclide and a rough classification of their relative proportions: stable, non-radioactive nuclides completely black, primordial radionuclides partially black, proton emission orange, alpha decay yellow, beta Plus decay / electron capture red, isomerism transition ( gamma decay , internal conversion ) white, beta minus decay blue, spontaneous fission green, cluster emission purple, neutron emission light blue. For each radionuclide , the nuclide fields contain - if known - information on its half-life and essential energies of the emitted radiation, and in the case of stable nuclides and primordial radionuclides, information on the proportion in the natural isotope mixture of the associated chemical element . Furthermore, with many nuclides there are cross- sections for nuclear reactions with thermal neutrons , usually for the (n, γ) -reaction ( neutron capture cross-sections), partly also fission cross-sections for the induced nuclear fission and cross- sections for the (n, α) -reaction or (n, p) reaction. For the chemical elements, averaged cross-sections and relative atomic masses are given based on their isotopic composition (the latter partly as an interval to reflect the variability of the composition of the natural isotope mixture of the element). For the nuclear fission of 235 U or 239 Pu with thermal neutrons, percentage isobar yields of the fission fragments are given.

History, editions

The first printed edition of the Karlsruhe nuclide map from 1958 in the form of a wall map was developed by Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and his colleague Gerda Pfennig. Walter Seelmann-Eggebert was director of the Institute for Radiochemistry of the Kernreaktor Bau- und Betriebsgesellschaft mbH in Karlsruhe, which was founded in 1956 , a forerunner of the later (nuclear) research center in Karlsruhe, and professor for radiochemistry at the Technical University of Karlsruhe. "Radiochemical isotope courses" were offered at the institute, and the Karlsruhe nuclide map was created as part of this teaching activity, which was supposed to show the essential properties of the nuclides known at the time in a clear form.

In the following decades the Karlsruhe nuclide map was published and revised several times. In addition to other co-authors, Seelmann-Eggebert († 1988) up to the 5th edition in 1981 and Pfennig († 2017) up to the 9th edition in 2015 were involved. In 2006, the management of the Karlsruhe nuclide chart went by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) of the Joint Research Center of the - (JRC Joint Research Center) European Commission in 2012 then to the Nucleonica GmbH, a spin-off of the JRC-ITU over.

The following overview table for the individual editions of the Karlsruhe nuclide map also expresses the scientific progress in the field of the discovery / research of nuclides and new chemical elements.

Edition year Number of
chemical elements recorded
Number of recorded nuclides
total Basic states Core isomers
1. 1958 102 circa 1520 approx. 1300 approx. 220
2. 1961 103 around 1590? ? ?
3. 1968 105 ? about 1600? ?
4th 1974 105? ? around 1900? ?
5. 1981 107 ? 2224? ?
6th 1995
1998 (Rev. 1)
111
112
?
3361?
approx. 2690?
?
?
?
7th 2006 117 3654 2962 692
8th. 2012 118 3847 3128? 719?
9. 2015 118 3992 3248 744
10. 2018 118 4039? 3285? 754?

? = Source information inconsistent or explicit / implicit figures missing or inclusion of core isomers in figures unclear.

Versions

The Karlsruhe nuclide map is mainly sold as a folding map ( A4 format ) or as a wall map (0.96 m × 1.40 m format). There are also larger formats than roll cards, auditorium cards and “carpets”. Since 2014, an internet-based version “Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online (KNCO)” with regular updates has been offered via the nuclear science online portal www.nucleonica.com.

Individual evidence

  1. a b c J. Magill, R. Dreher, Zs. Sóti: Karlsruher Nuklidkarte. 10th edition. Nucleonica GmbH, Karlsruhe 2018, ISBN 978-3-943868-51-7 (wall map) or ISBN 978-3-943868-54-8 (folding map), ISBN 978-3-943868-50-0 (accompanying brochure).
  2. a b c Category: KNC. Main page of the Karlsruhe nuclide map in the Nucleonica Wiki, with subpages. Nucleonica GmbH, accessed on February 26, 2018 (English).
  3. Help: Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online, KNCO ++. Description page of the online version of the Karlsruhe nuclide map in the Nucleonica Wiki. Nucleonica GmbH, accessed on February 26, 2018 (English).