Kindergarten (magazine)
Kindergarten was one of the first German specialist magazines for infant education . It was launched in Eisenach in 1860 and was the decisive public organ of the German Froebel movement in the 19th century .
history
Founding members of the magazine were the kindergarten and Froebel educators Eleonore Heerwart , Julie Traberth , Auguste Möder , Franz Schmidt , Friedrich Seidel and August Köhler . The first edition appeared in April 1860, the place of publication was Weimar (by Böhlau Verlag ) and the editorial team consisted of August Köhler, Franz Schmidt and Friedrich Seidel. The monthly magazine, which focused on all kindergartens, custodial institutions, toddler schools and elementary classes in and outside of Thuringia , was called: Kinder-Garten und Elementar-Klasse . In the first issue the lifting of the kindergarten ban (1851-1860) was announced in the Kingdom of Prussia , thanks to the intensive efforts of Bertha Freifrau Marenholtz-Bülow and Wilhelm Adolf Lette . Four years later the magazine was renamed Kinder-Garten Bewahr-Schule and Elementary Class and from 1871 into Kinder-Garten Bewahr-Anstalt and Elementary Class . In 1874 it was elected as a specialist body for the General German Froebel Association. From 1899 a bust of Froebel appeared in the head of the title page.
The first issue of 1905 finally only had the simple title Kindergarten , although the subtitles changed a little over the years. The then editor-in-chief, Gertrud Pappenheim , justified the decision to re-elect the title with the following words :
- Kindergarten, the magazine for developing education in the family, kindergarten and school, let us now call our papers. If, after 46 years, we are going to change the title a little, it is with the intention of expressing the essence of the journal with this new title. Family, kindergarten and school, it is these three educational institutions that want to join hands now - in the century of the child - to work together on the children .
Emperor's birthday in the kindergarten was the topic of the kindergarten on the occasion of the 50th birthday of Wilhelm II on January 19, 1909. The kindergarten teachers recommended u. a. the specialist organ: decorating the emperor's image with wintergreen and flags ; Setting the birthday table: pillows with medals, 50 lights ; Magic lantern with patriotic songs ; Folding helmets ; Marching with musical instruments ; Counting up to 50 and firing 50 gunshots (by inflating empty bags) . A year later the magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary.
Issue 1 of the 1915 volume was entitled: Kindergarten monthly for developing education in the family, kindergarten, day care center and school and from volume 2 of the same year it was not only the organ of the German Froebel Association , but also the professional organization of kindergarten teachers (EV) . In 1923 it was called: Kindergarten. Journal of the German Froebel Association, announcements of the professional organization of kindergarten teachers and one year later: Kindergarten journal for the socio-educational tasks in the family and the national community with special consideration of the care of toddlers and school children . Six years later, the subtitle was changed again to: Kindergarten magazine of the Froebel Association, the German Association for School Child Care and the professional organization of kindergarten teachers, after-school care workers and youth leaders. V.
With the beginning of the Nazi dictatorship, the magazine changed not only in terms of content, but also in the design of the National Socialist orientation (see Berger 2015): from the February 1934 issue, the title page was decorated with the Nazi emblem (swastika) and the appeals were made from this point onwards signed with Heil Hitler . The kindergarten defined his current role . Journal for the national political tasks in the family and national community with special consideration of the care of small children and school children as follows:
- The specialist magazine 'Kindergarten' provides ideological-political and ideological-technical training for socio-educational workers. She has to ensure the national political orientation of these educators and their entire work ... Educators and socio-educational practitioners, psychologists and doctors, folklorists and the representatives of numerous special areas should work together fruitfully in our magazine in the service of a large follower education that the German people of has to grasp and shape from early childhood .
The ideological and political infiltration is illustrated by the following practical report by Hilde Murschhauser, a Munich kindergarten director, in the section November 9th in our kindergarten :
- The small crowd from the kindergarten was also able to celebrate and experience November 9th. The children came to kindergarten even more enthusiastically than usual as Hitler youths and Hitler girls; They said 'Heil Hitler!' even tighter than usual. Every child was allowed to work a swastika flag out of beautiful red dragon paper ... We all sat together in front of our beautiful Hitler corner. The strong-willed, kind eyes of the Führer looked at us ... It was a solemn moment when I hung a fresh laurel wreath under the picture of the Führer. A very particularly capable child, a dashing little Hitler Youth, was allowed to wrap a silver ribbon around the wreath ... And then I told about the men who were shot for us - so that we might be well - so that we and Germany might live ; I told them about Hitler, about his struggle, about his courage, about his great deeds. Then I showed a picture of the Feldherrnhalle, of the memorial, of its memorable place, which we Germans will never forget .
In 1938 the German Froebel Association was dissolved. His magazine was published under the title Kindergarten Organ of the Reichsfachschaft 7 social-educational professions in the NSLB. Journal for educational work of the kindergarten teacher and youth leader continued:
- While demanding scientific articles from education, psychology and psychoanalysis were published in the years before 1933, the flattening increases noticeably after the accession to power. Pedagogical contributions are being put more and more aside in favor of propagandistic articles, in order to reach a rarity value at the end of the 1930s. Instructions for the mechanical occupation of the children now come to the fore: advice for handicrafts, handicrafts, sport and the practice of folk customs dominate the magazine. During the war years, the latter articles alternate with war-related articles (war games and toys, importance of the work of the kindergarten teacher for the 'final victory', perseverance).
From April 1943, for reasons related to the war, the specialist organ was only published every two months, and since 1944 under the title Kindergarten. Journal for the educational work of kindergarten teachers and youth leaders . The last issue came out in February 1944, with only a few pages left. In this edition there is no indication of the reasons why the specialist body was discontinued.
In March 1949, the trade journal was initially launched on the market under the name Die Menschen-Erbildung ; Editing: Conradine Lück . The magazine was not continued, however. Instead, the first year of the papers of the Pestalozzi-Froebel Association (New magazine 'Kindergarten', founded in 1869) appeared . The latter title was renamed in 1976 to Sozialpädagogische Blätter , 1989 to Kinderzeit - Sozialpädagogische Blätter and later to Kinderzeit .
literature
- Sigrid Richter: The development of the kindergarten system in the years 1933-1945, Frankfurt / Main 1976
- Manfred Berger : Pre-school education under National Socialism. Research on the situation of the kindergarten system 1933-1945, Weinheim 1986
- Pestalozzi-Froebel Association V. (Ed.): History of the Pestalozzi-Froebel Association. A contribution to the development of infant and social education in Germany, Freiburg / Breisgau 1998, p. 49 ff.
- Helmut Heiland : On the understanding of Froebel in the magazine 'Kindergarten' in the years 1860-1910, in: Friedrich Froebel Museum (ed.): Are children little majesties, Bad Blankenburg 2001, pp. 52–113
- Oxana Roßmann: Raising small children in different political systems in Germany. A content-analytical study of the journal Kindergarten from 1860 to 1944, Munich 2004
- Manfred Berger : "Praise everything that makes you hard!". The kindergarten system in National Socialist Germany using the example of the specialist magazine "Kindergarten", Osnabrück 2015
Web links
- http://www.kindergartenpaedagogik.de/1258.html
- http://www.hausarbeiten.de/faecher/vorschau/104451.html