Common property
A common or collective good is a good that all potential buyers is freely accessible. Common goods can be provided by the state or by private providers (e.g. parts of the Internet or Wikipedia ). Public goods and commons are common goods with the property of non- excludability .
“A resource is 'free' when (1) you can use it without permission; or (2) permission to use them is given neutrally. "
Schematization
In the following schematic from the book Who Owns the World? , edited by Silke Helfrich , the names have been adapted to those used here. In this context, open access means unlimited access for the respective authorized group.
| private goods | Public goods | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private good | Common good | Open Access (with restricted access) ( Klubgut ) |
Open Access (without access restrictions) ( public good ) |
|
| Group limitation | a person | open to everyone | members only | open to everyone |
| Usage Limitation | Usage limited by individual decision | Usage limited by rules | Unlimited use | Unlimited use |
| example | private apartment | Gym of a sports club | Pay TV | Wikipedia |
advantages
Common goods enable all social classes to benefit from the use of a good. Above all, they have a social function: The partially free provision of the good of knowledge aims to give socially weaker classes access to this emancipating good, which is viewed as positive . In this case one speaks of merit goods .
disadvantage
In the case of common goods, there is a risk of the free rider problem occurring . This manifests itself in the form of the appropriation problem when freely available scarce resources are overexploited (→ tragedy of the commons ) or in the form of the provision problem when public goods cannot be made available or cannot be made available sufficiently.
See also
- Commons
- Global public goods , commons-based peer production
- Common good , common good economy , common economy
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
Remarks
- ↑ The table is based on: Glenn G. Stevenson: Common Property Economics. A General Theory on Land Use Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1991, ISBN 0-521-38441-9 , p. 58, quoted by Achim Lerch: Tragedy of the “Tragedy of the Commons” from: Silke Helfrich, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (Ed.): Who Owns the World? 2009, p. 92.
literature
- Federal Agency for Civic Education : Common Goods. In: From Politics and Contemporary History , 28–30, Berlin 2011
- David Bollier, Silke Helfrich, Heinrich Böll Foundation (ed.): The world of the Commons. Pattern of joint action. transcript, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8376-3245-3 .
- Silke Helfrich, Heinrich Böll Foundation (Ed.): Who Owns the World? To rediscover the commons. Oekom-Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-86581-133-2 , boell.de (PDF; 2.54 MB).
- Silke Helfrich, Heinrich Böll Foundation (Ed.): Commons. For a new policy beyond market and state. transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld. 2nd slightly changed edition 2014, ISBN 978-3-8376-2835-7 , boell.de (PDF; 4.3 MB)
- INKOTA network (ed.): The renaissance of the common goods (= INKOTA-Dossier 8, ZDB -ID 2657687-9 ). INKOTA network, Berlin 2010, excerpts in: inkota.de .
- Lawrence Lessig : The Future of Ideas . The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World. Random House, New York NY 2001, ISBN 0-375-50578-4 .
- Elinor Ostrom : Governing the Commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1990, ISBN 0-521-37101-5 (In German: Die Verfassungs der Allmende. Beyond State and Market (= The Unity of Social Sciences. Volume 104). Translated by Ekkehard Schöller. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3- 16-146916-X ).
- Elinor Ostrom: What becomes more when we share. On the social value of the commons. Edited, revised and translated by Silke Helfrich. Oekom-Verlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86581-251-3 , solawi.ch (PDF; 387 kB).
