Conciliarism

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The conciliarism (also conciliar theory or conciliar movement ) states that the decisions of the councils can, under certain conditions, claim the highest authority, to which even a pope must bow. The condition for this was that a council had to be formally correctly convened and represented all of Christianity .

Conciliarism arose in the late Middle Ages and was owed to the problem of the Great Western Schism . The via concilii proved to be the only way to reunite divided Christianity under a pope. The Council of Constance laid for this purpose its own authority in the decree Haec sancta firmly. Another Frequen decree prescribed the regular convening of general councils in the future.

Within the Catholic Church, conciliarism was represented by the Council of Constance (1414–1418) and, in its successor, the Council of Basel (1431–1449), but was again rejected by the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517) in favor of papal primacy .

Important theologians of medieval conciliarism were Konrad von Gelnhausen , Heinrich von Langenstein and Jean Gerson . John of Paris , Marsilius of Padua and Wilhelm von Ockham also had a decisive influence on the conciliarist theory .

literature

  • Georg Kreuzer: The conciliar idea. In: Iring Fetscher , Herfried Münkler (Hrsg.): Piper's manual of political ideas. Volume 2: Middle Ages. From the beginnings of Islam to the Reformation. Piper, Munich et al. 1993, ISBN 3-492-02952-3 , pp. 447-465.
  • Jürgen Miethke : conciliarism . In: Karl-Heinz Braun, Mathias Herweg, Hans W. Hubert, Joachim Schneider, Thomas Zotz (eds.): The Council of Constance. Essays. 1414 - 1418. World event of the Middle Ages . Theiss Verlag, Darmstadt 2013, ISBN 978-3-8062-2849-6 , pp. 77-81.
  • Hermann Josef Sieben: The Catholic Council Idea of ​​the Latin Middle Ages. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. 1984, ISBN 3-506-74722-3 ( Council history . Series B: Investigations ).
  • Hermann Josef Sieben: The Catholic Council Idea from the Reformation to the Enlightenment. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. 1988, ISBN 3-506-74724-X ( Council history . Series B: Investigations ).
  • Hermann Josef Sieben: The Council Idea in the 19th and 20th Century. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. 1993, ISBN 3-506-74725-8 ( Council history . Series B: Investigations ).
  • Hermann Josef Sieben: From the Apostle Council to the First Vatican Council. Studies on the History of the Council Idea. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. 1996, ISBN 3-506-74726-6 ( Council history . Series B: Investigations ).
  • Smolinsky, Heribert : conciliarism. In: Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK). 3. Edition. 2006. Vol. 6, Col. 349-351.
  • Ernst Werner : Jan Hus. World and environment of an early Prague reformer. Böhlau, Weimar 1991, ISBN 3-7400-0129-1 ( Research on Medieval History 34).

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