margin
The margin ( French "range", "freedom" , from Latin margo, "margin" ) ( maʀʒə ) is in the business the name of profit margins of all kinds as well as in communications technology , the name for various signal parameters.
General
Usually the word is used colloquially, because the individual subject areas often use technical terms for this. In general, it is the range between two prices for a specific trade item . A difference can arise between different buying and selling prices , stock exchange prices or debit and credit interest and is then called the margin. The interest margin, on the other hand, is not a difference and therefore not a margin, but a business key figure for measuring the profitability of a credit institution .
trade
In trade , the difference between acquisition cost / cost and the selling price is called the trading margin . The reciprocal value of the trade margin is the cost of sales ratio , while the calculation surcharge, which is similar to a margin, represents the surcharge on the cost price. The margin is usually higher with private label than with manufacturer brands .
Credit institutions
At banks, the term margin is used in several areas. Sometimes even price, interest and schedule business-related spreads called the margin, but the synonym Spread (has this English "span" ) enforced.
Lending business
In the lending business , the credit margin is gradually made up of the following margin components:
- The refinancing costs are the expenses that an institution has to bear in the context of refinancing ; they belong to the sphere of values .
- Operating costs are all costs of the business sphere , in which an institution for the procurement of refinancing and loan processing spending needs ( personnel costs , material costs ).
- The margin in the narrower sense is added to the previous margin components as a surcharge. It results from the credit risk , which is reflected in the borrower's rating . The worse the rating, the higher the margin and vice versa.
All three components ultimately result in the loan interest for the customer.
Forex trading
In foreign exchange , varieties - and precious metals trading , the differences between hot interbank rates and exchange rates in customer business margins. They increase the market values when the customer buys and reduce them when they sell.
The margin is the difference between the higher ask price and the lower bid price .
Securities trading
In securities trading , the margin indicates the difference between the issue price and the current market value of a security . A margin is the security deposit for futures transactions in stock exchange trading .
Bank calculation
The bank calculation knows the margin calculation as a calculation method , the starting point of which is the condition margin as the difference between the effective interest rate of a customer transaction and the effective interest rate of an alternative transaction on the financial market ( opportunity costs ). From this gross margin are to determine the net margin , the cost of risk margin and operating costs margin deducted.
height
In addition to the credit risk, the amount of the margin also depends on the type of underlying asset , its trading volume , market development , market liquidity and the bank customer's bargaining power . With regard to the bargaining power of bank customers, a rough distinction can be made between private households and corporate customers . The margin is lower for corporate customers than for private households and is lowest for large companies .
arbitrage
In arbitrage, the margin of indifference is the profit margin between the interest rate differential and the swap rate , at which arbitrage transactions are not yet or no longer worthwhile; there is no arbitrage .
Communications engineering
In communications engineering, various signal parameters are referred to as margins, e.g. B. the signal-to- noise margin for the signal-to-noise ratio.
Freight forwarding
The margin rate is in the forwarding business a varying price within a Preisunter- and upper pulse limit, which must be settled in the absence of fixed prices by the carrier.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Melchior Palyi, Paul Quittner (ed.): Concise dictionary of banking. 1933, p. 367
- ^ Konrad Liessmann: Gabler Lexicon Controlling and Cost Accounting. 1997, p. 441
- ↑ Christoph Burmann, Tilo Halaszovich, Michael Schade, Frank Hemmann: Identity-based brand management. 2015, p. 141
- ↑ Wolfgang Grill, Ludwig Gramlich, Roland Eller (eds.): Gabler Bank Lexicon: Bank, Stock Exchange, Financing. 1995, p. 1077