Kriol
| Kriol | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Australia | |
| speaker | 4000 | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
cpe |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
rop |
|
Kriol is an Australian Creole language that developed out of contact between European settlers and indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia . Kriol is currently spoken by around 4,000 people. Despite the similarity of the language to the English vocabulary, it has its own syntax and grammar, making it a language of its own.
history
Europeans attempted to colonize the Northern Territory over a period of 40 years and were eventually successful in 1870, followed by an influx of English and Chinese speaking settlers. In order to communicate between these two groups as well as with the local Aborigines , pidgin languages developed in the Northern Territory. By 1900, the Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. (Pidgin English means nobody speaks it as a native language, but to be recognized as a language, a pidgin language must have roots in a native language.)
In order for NTPE to evolve into a Creole language and to become a completely independent language beyond pidgin, a new community had to be formed in which the language became the primary language of all speakers. This first happened in Roper River Mission (Ngukurr), where cattle farms and a town were established. During this time, relations between Europeans and Aborigines were tense: a “war of annihilation” was declared by the settlers and the Aborigines fiercely defended their land. Control of the land was eventually taken over by the settlers when a cattle breeding company acquired much of the land. Resettlement and the removal of habitat almost wiped out the indigenous population, but also enabled a great influence on the development of the Creole: drastic social changes, accompanied by great difficulties in communicating.
The second requirement for Creole's development was a new community that grew out of the Anglican Mission for Refugees on the Roper River in 1908. It brought together around 200 people from 8 different Aboriginal ethnic groups with different mother tongues. Although the adults were multilingual, the children were still learning their respective mother tongues. So they used the only common language that all adults knew: NTPE. The children who grew up with this language were responsible for pidgin developing into a full language in their lifetime.
Although the relations between the missionaries and the Aborigines were friendly, the missions did not affect the development of the kriol. In fact, the missions tried to enforce Standard English as the official language in the missions. Aboriginal children spoke English at school and with the missionaries, but Kriol flourished.
Kriol was not formally recognized as a language until 1970; previously it was viewed as a bastardization of English rather than a separate language.
Variants of the Kriol
Kriol is widely spoken in the Katherine area , but there are minor differences between the variants of kriol in certain areas. Linguistically, these differences are minimal. Mari Rhydwen describes the differences as being comparable to the differences between American English and British English. It is discussed whether the variants should be named differently in order to emphasize their different social significance, or whether they should all be grouped together in one category Kriol.
Roper River Ngukurr Kriol is also spoken in Barunga; In the Daly River region, a variant is spoken that enables two-way communication, but the speakers from the Daly River do not call themselves Kriol speakers. As a Kriol, she would have a better chance that bilingual educational programs would be covered.
Kriol Baibul: The First Complete Translation of the Bible
On May 5, 2007, the first complete edition of the Kriol Bible was officially presented in Katherine. It is a significant milestone in the consolidation of kriol as a mother tongue, which began in 1978. For over 29 years a team of kriol native speakers led by Pastor Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages worked on this edition, which is also the first complete edition of the Bible in an indigenous Australian language. The translation was a joint project of the Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators, The Church Missionary Society, The Anglican Church, Wycliffe Bible Translators and the Australian Society of Indigenous Languages.
Prayer in Kriol: Dedi langa hebin, yu neim im brabli haibala, en melabat nomo wandim enibodi garra yusum yu neim nogudbalawei. Melabat wandim yu garra kaman en jidan bos langa melabat, en melabat wandim ola pipul iya langa ebri kantri garra irrim yu wed en teiknodis langa yu seimwei laik olabat dum deya langa hebin. Melabat askim yu blanga gibit melabat daga blanga dagat tudei. Melabat larramgo fri detlot pipul hu dumbat nogudbala ting langa melabat, en melabat askim yu blanga larramgo melabat fri du. Melabat askim yu nomo blanga larram enijing testimbat melabat brabli adbalawei, en yu nomo larram Seitin bromidau melabat. Ol detlot ting na melabat askim yu, Dedi, dumaji yu bos, en ola pawa kaman brom yu, en yu na det brabli shainiwan lait, en melabat kaan lukbek langa enibodi. Oni langa yu na. Amin.
Current topics
A problem faced by many communities in Northern Australia is kriol-speaking children, who are considered English speakers and therefore do not receive instruction in English as a second language even though their English is poor. On the other hand, Kriol is not recognized as their mother tongue, which is why they do not receive any lessons in Kriol.
Only Barunga has an official bilingual program set up by the Whitlam government that makes kriol as the medium and object of teaching. The financing of further projects is limited. Although kriol is widespread among speakers, there are few scriptures and translations other than the Bible. This means that literacy in Kriol is quite low. Since the command of written English is also low, the Ngukurr Aboriginal people rely on the Barangu writings for traditional stories, which blurs the identities of the two groups. However, Aboriginal culture is traditionally not rooted in a written language and the lack of written versions is a function of the oral tradition of telling Aboriginal stories.
literature
- Harris, John (1993) Losing and gaining a language: the story of Kriol in the Northern Territory. In Walsh, M & Yallop, C (Eds) Language and culture in Aboriginal Australia; Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Individual evidence
- ^ ABS (2006) Population Characteristics. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians