Kuzinia laevis

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Kuzinia laevis
Kuzinia laevis, female, dorsal

Kuzinia laevis , female, dorsal

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Subclass : Mites (acari)
Order : Astigmata
Family : Acaridae
Genre : Kuzinia
Type : Kuzinia laevis
Scientific name
Kuzinia laevis
( Dujardin , 1849)
Mite under microscope
Kuzinia laevis , male, dorsal
Mites on the head of a bumblebee
Two mites on the head of a Bombus lucorum ( Linnaeus , 1761) drone
Mite under microscope, view of the back label
Kuzinia laevis , phoretic living deutonymph, dorsal

Kuzinia laevis , also known as Tyrophagus laevis in Europe, is a species of mite thatreproducesin bumblebees' nests and whose heteromorphic deutonymphs climb on young queens in order to theoretically travelon the carrier until they colonize the newly founded bumblebee nest.

Occurrence

The phoretic stage of development of Kuzinia laevis can be found on many bumblebee species of the Palearctic bumblebees. They were rarely found on wild bees of the species Proxylocopa pavlovskyi ( Popov , 1935) and Xylocopa przewalskyi ( F.Mor. , 1886), but not in the nests. The mite species is one of the three most common phoretically found mite species on bumblebees in Central Europe and is the most common astigmatic mite found on bumblebees in Central Europe. Sometimes it is referred to as the European bumblebee mite.

The mite was found in the invasive bumblebee species Bombus terrestris in Tasmania . There it is the only phoretic and only mite inhabiting bumblebees' nests. Without regulating predatory mites such as Parasitellus fucorum , they occur on average 30 times more phoretically on queens or drones and 5–50 times more frequently on workers than in Europe. The mite was first detected in a series of tests from 2005 to 2008 in Argentina on some indigenous bumblebee species, whereby they were among the three most common mite species on bumblebees native to Argentina. The invasive bumblebee species Bombus terrestris and Bombus ruderatus were not investigated. The first detection in Chile was made in 2008 in a wintering queen of the invasive species Bombus terrestris .

nutrition

The phoretic stage of development is a typical mobile heteromorphic deutonymph that does not eat. In the nest, the feeding stages of development are commensals , the quantities of which the bumblebees can hardly influence.

Under laboratory conditions, the development stages in the bumblebee nest ate the collected pollen, the stored pollen dough and old cocoons. In the earth bumblebee complex, the latter consist of pollen mixed with choked nectar.

Life cycle

Phoretic phase

The developmental stage of heteromorphic deutonymph, also called Hypopus (pl. Hypopi), is found in great numbers on young queens, nest-seeking queens in spring and in significantly fewer numbers on drones. The lowest number is found on workers or sometimes not at all.

Up to 242 of the mites were found on queens in Central Europe (maximum value). They overwinter with the queens in Central Europe, where even potentially bivoltine bumblebee species usually only establish one nest per year. In Tasmania, mites were found on 80% of queens and drones ( prevalence ), with an average of 350–400 mites per host ( infestation intensity ). On Bombus terrestris in Tasmania they were mainly found on and under the thorax and under the abdomen. In the bumblebees native to Argentina, they clawed the hair on the side of the thorax and on the side of the first tergites and sternites. Individual mites are distributed over the entire body.

Reproductive phase

In spring, when the bumblebee queens have established a nest, the mites colonize the new bumblebee nest. It has been observed that the number of mites on the queens decreases as fresh pollen is collected. In the nests, the mites first develop into tritonymphs and then into separately sexed adult mites. Under laboratory conditions with different nutrition, temperature and humidity, each stage of development lasted between 2 days and 5–7 days. Oviposition begins 3–4 days after the adult mites have copulated. Eggs are deposited everywhere in the nesting area and in the bumblebee nest. In the laboratory, females lay 12 eggs per day, which corresponds to an average of 372 eggs per female with a life expectancy of 16 to 53 days.

After the development in the egg, the larva hatches, which moults into a protonymph, then becomes a tritonymph, also called homeomorphic deutonymph, from which the adult mite appears after a dormancy of 1 to 3 days after another molt. The adult males are 480–600 µm long, while the females reach 520–700 µm. In the laboratory, the reproduction was carried out with ideal and non-ideal supply and environmental conditions. A successful cycle lasted between 12 and 33 days. In spring to summer and under similar laboratory conditions, the potentially phoretic heteromorphic deutonymphs are rarely produced. In late summer to autumn or when the bumblebee's nest ages, the heteromorphic deutonymph stage is inserted after an unknown trigger after the protonymph stage. The deutonymphs crawl on the young queens to spend the winter with them in an underground hiding place.

Their appearance is oval with a flat body in a yellowish brown. The armor is slightly bent under the body on the sides. In the front fifth, the mouthparts and two pairs of legs are arranged in an arc. The area is closed dorsally by a visible line. Two pairs of legs are distributed across the middle of the body and a rear suction plate is located at the end of the armor that is slightly pulled out. The heteromorphic deutonymphs are 220–250 µm, 200–300 µm (France) or 300–390 µm (Russia) depending on the examination.

Parasites

The mites appear to be parasitized by the mite Pneumolaelaps hyatti ( Evans & Till , 1966). It is assumed that different stages of predatory mites such as Parasitellus fucorum ( De Geer , 1778) parasitize the eggs of K. laevis.

Synonyms

  • Hypopus H lœvis , Hypopus H loevis
  • Hypopus lœvis , Hypopus loevis
  • Hypŏpus laevis , Hypopus laevis

Web links

Commons : Kuzinia laevis  - collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Kuzinia laevis  - species directory

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Félix Dujardin : Additions au mémoire sur des Hypopus. , in: Annales des sciences naturelles , Zoolgie , 3 ° série, Tome XII, pp. 259-265 and Planche 11, fig. 11-13, Henri Milne-Edwards (ed.), Paris, November 1849. Scan from page 263 online , accessed September 30, 2016.
  2. ↑ GBIF (Ed.): Taxonom. Kuzinia laevis. , accessed September 7, 2016.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Richard Zamec: New distributional records of mite Kuzinia laevis ( Dujardin , 1849) (Astigmata, Acaridae) and notes on its life cycle. , in: Folia faunistica Slovaca , 19 (2014): 5–7, HTML online , PDF online (770 kB), accessed on September 1, 2016.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Aleksei Alekseevich Zakhvatkin (later transliterated: AA Zachvatkin): Tyroglyphoidea (Acari) . In: SA Zernov, DA Ogloblin (ed.): Fauna of USSR . Arachnoid. Vol. VI, No. 1. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington DC 1959, p. 92, 127, 129, 130 (English, online [PDF; 55.4 MB ; accessed on August 24, 2016]).
  5. ^ Wit Chmielewski: The mites (Acarina) found on bumble-bees (Bombus Latr.) And their nests. , in: Ekologia Polska , 19: 57–71. 1971.
  6. ^ A b c Wit Chmielewski, Richard A. Baker: Mites (Acarina) phoretic on some common bumblebee species (Bombus spp.) From the Puławy area (south-eastern Poland). , in: Journal of Apicultural Science , Volume 52, Issue 1, pp 37-47, ISSN  1643-4439 (print). PDF online (1.54 MB), accessed on September 8, 2016.
  7. ^ A b c Juan Luis Allendes, José Montalva: First record of the mite Kuzinia laevis (Dujardin, 1849) (Acarina: Acaridae) in Chile. , in: Boletín de Biodiversidad de Chile , 2011, No. 5, pp. 36ff, ref. 10, Chilean Biodiversity Studies Center (Ed.), Casilla 2011, ISSN  0718-8412 . PDF online (138 kB), accessed on 2016-08-24.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Geoff R. Allen, Owen D. Seeman, Paul Schmid-Hempel, Roger E. Buttermore: Low parasite loads accompany the invading population of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris in Tasmania . In: Insectes Sociaux . tape 54 , no. 1 . Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2007, p. 56–63 , doi : 10.1007 / s00040-007-0908-y (English, online [PDF; 138 kB ; accessed on June 20, 2016]).
  9. ↑ a b c d Matias Maggi, Mariano Lucía, Alberto H. Abrahamovich: Study of the acarofauna of native bumblebee species (Bombus) from Argentina. , in: Apidologie , Springer Verlag, 2011, 42 (3): 280–292. doi: 10.1007 / s13592-011-0018-8 , HAL Id: hal-01003549, PDF online (882 kB), accessed on September 21, 2016.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Wit Chmielewski: Obserwacje nad biologia nowego dla akarofauny polskiej gatunku Kuzinia laevis (Dujardin, 1849) (Acarina, Acaridae). , in: Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne , 39: 603–617. 1969, (Polish). (Excerpts from - Richard Zamec: New distributional records of mite Kuzinia laevis… , see above)
  11. ↑ Richard Lucius, Brigitte Loos-Frank: Biology of Parasites , Springer Verlag, Berlin 2008. ISSN  0937-7433 , ISBN 978-3-540-37707-8 (print), ISBN 978-3-540-37709-2 (online ), doi: 10.1007 / b105983 . Scan from p. 446 online , accessed September 13, 2016.
  12. ^ André Pouvreau, Pierre Robert: Maladies et parasites des bourdons. Données scientifiques et techniques. , in: cari.be, o. J. (1995 or 1996), PDF online (437 kB), accessed on September 8, 2016.
  13. ↑ Michael Costa: The biology and development of Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) hyatti (Acari: Mesostigmata). , in: Journal of Zoology , Volume 148, Issue 2, February 1966, pp. 191-200, doi: 10.1111 / j.1469-7998.1966.tb02947.x , accessed September 2, 2016.
  14. ↑ Elżbieta Rożej, Wojciech Witaliński, Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi, Marta Wantuch, Dawid Moroń, Michal Woyciechowski: Mite species inhabiting commercial bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nests in Polish greenhouses. , in (print): Experimental and Applied Acarology , 56 (3): 271-282, March 2012; In (online): January 24, 2012, doi: 10.1007 / s10493-012-9510-8 , PMC 2373685 (free full text).
  15. ↑ a b Félix Dujardin: Additions au mémoire sur des Hypopus. ... (see above). Scan of page 265 online , accessed September 30, 2016.
  16. ↑ Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans: Critical historical review of Acarology. 3. Remembered. 1805-1850. Volume E. Acaridiae Latr. 1802. , EJ Brill, Leiden 1937. pp. 2055-2056. Scan of page 2055 online , accessed September 30, 2016.
  17. ↑ Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans: Critical historical overzicht ... ( see above ). Scan of directory page 7 online , accessed September 30, 2016.