Lex Irnitana
The Lex Irnitana is the Flavian city charter of the ancient Hispanic city of Irni, which is partially preserved on six bronze tablets from the year 91 AD. From the originally ten consecutively numbered panels of the bronze founding deed of the city, panels with the numbers III , V , VII , VIII and IX as well as fragments of panel X were added in 1981 on a hill between the villages of Algámitas and El Saucejo (about 80 kilometers west-southwest of Seville in Spain ). Fragments of Plate II were found later. The panels are exhibited in the Seville Archaeological Museum and are available online as visuals and transcribed.
The text on it is the most completely preserved example of a Lex Flavia Municipalis (Flavian town charter), which was displayed in the form of such bronze plaques on an official building of the town in the towns to which it was granted. It is explicitly prescribed in chapter 95 of the Lex Irnitana (Plate X).
Some parts, especially those relating to civil justice, are not preserved in any other source. The boards therefore offer an important insight into the processes of the Flavian civil courts. Comparable finds are the Lex Malacitana and Lex Salpensana .
description
- Material: bronze
- Width: 90.2 cm to 91.5 cm
- Height: 57.3 cm to 57.5 cm
- Thickness: 0.6 cm to 0.8 cm
The text is arranged in three columns with a distance of about 1.7 cm. The size of the letters varies between 4 and 6 mm. The distance between the lines is about 5 mm. The text is framed by a simple groove. Each of the boards has three holes at the top and bottom for attachment (to a wall). Together, the panels are around 9 m wide, the width of a rolled-out scroll .
Dating
The so-called “Letter of Domitian ” at the end of panel X contains two dates for the text: “Litterae datae IIII idus Apriles Circeis recitatae V idus Domitianas”. The records were issued on April 10th and announced on the 11th of the "month of Domitian" in the year when Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus were consuls , i.e. 91 AD. This date is consistent with the granting of Latin citizenship by Vespasian in AD 74 to Baetica . The text on the tablets must have been written between AD 74 and AD 91. An addition is written in smaller letters than the rest of the text, so it is believed that it was added in the second or third century.
content
The text deals with the powers of political office holders ( duoviri , aediles and quaestors ), regulates the decurions , the release of slaves ("Manumissio"), the appointment of a guardian, the relationship between patron and client, the acquisition of Roman citizenship by magistrates as well Public law matters such as the funding of the priesthood and rite, calendars and ritual (sports) games that were viewed as religious matters. The sanctio , i.e. the formal enactment clause with the “Letter of Domitian” on panel X, prove that this is the last panel. The individual chapters are not numbered, but are introduced by the letter R (for " rubrica ") and with a brief description. By comparing the Lex Irnitana with other municipal legal documents, namely the Lex Malacitana and the Lex Salpensana , it is possible to reconstruct the original numbering apart from twelve chapters on panel V, which are therefore designated with the letters A to L.
| List of the individual chapters | |||
| blackboard | category | text | translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Section on citizenship, civil rights, possibly religious games | |||
| (Panels missing) | |||
| Section on political offices and their tasks | |||
| III.A | 19th | < R. De iure et potestate aedilium. > | About the tenure and competence of the aediles |
| 20th | R. De iure et potestate quaestorum. | About the Quaestors' term of office and responsibilities | |
| 21st | R. Quod ad modum civitatem Romanam in eo municipio consequantur. | How you can acquire Roman citizenship in this community | |
| 22nd | R. Ut qui civitatem Romanam consequentur maneant in eorum dem manu mancupio potestate. | That those who acquire Roman citizenship keep their legal relationships with regard to manus , mancipium and domestic power | |
| 23 | R. Ut qui civitatem Romanam consequentur iura libertorum retineant. | That those who acquire Roman citizenship keep their legal relationships with those released | |
| III.B | 24 | R. De praefecto Imp (eratoris) Caesaris Domitiani Aug (usti). | About the Duumvirate of Emperor Domitian |
| 25th | R. De iure praefecti qui a IIviro relictus sit. | On the Rights of a prefect, who from a duumvir was used | |
| 26th | R. De iure iurando IIvirorum et aedilium et quaestorum. | On the oath of the duumvirs , aediles and quaestors | |
| 27 | R. De intercessione IIvirorum et aedilium et quaestorum. | About objections of the duumvirs , aediles and quaestors | |
| III.C | 28 | R. De servis aput IIviros manumittendis. | About the release of slaves from the Duum virus |
| 29 | R. De tutorum datione. | About appointing a guardian | |
| Section on the municipal council <the decurions> | |||
| 30th | R. Decurionum conscriptorumve constitutio. | The status of the local councils | |
| 31 | R. De convocandis edicto decurionibus at sublegendos decuriones. | About the meeting according to the edict of the municipal council regarding the by-election of representatives | |
| (Panels missing) | |||
| VA | A. | < ? > | About the meetings of the municipal council |
| B. | R. Quo ordine sententiae interrogentur. | About the voting order | |
| C. | R. De decurionum decretis recitandis et in tabulas municipii referendis. | About reading out the municipal council's decrees and entering them in the municipality's archives | |
| D. | R. Si qua decreta decurionum tolli oportebit quae ad modum tollantur. | How decrees of the municipal council are canceled | |
| E. | R. Ne dimittantur aut avocentur decuriones. | The council meeting cannot be dissolved or rescheduled | |
| F. | R. De decurionibus distribuendis in tres decurias quae legationibus invicem fungantur. | On the division of the parish councils into three curiae , which provide embassies | |
| VB | G | R. De legatis mittendis excusationibusque accipiendis. | About sending embassies and acceptable excuses |
| H | R. Quantum legatis detur. | How much envoy should be paid | |
| I. | R. De eo qui non ex decreto decurionum legatione functus erit. | About those who do not carry out the delegation according to the instructions of the parish council | |
| VC | J | R. Qui ne conducant emantve neve socii sint cum publica locabuntur venibunt. | Anyone who should not receive public contracts and leases should not be a partner |
| K | R. De rebus proferendis. | About the postponement of business <due to public holidays> | |
| Section on the People's Assembly <comites> | |||
| L. | R. Ut IIviri iure dicundo curias dumtaxat XI constituant. | The Duumvir of the jurisdiction should set up up to eleven constituencies | |
| (Tables are missing, but can partly be supplemented with the Lex Malacitana ) | |||
| VI | 59 | < R. De iure iurando eorum qui maiorem partem numeri curiarum expleverint > | By the oath of those who reach the majority of the constituencies |
| VII.A | 60 | R. Ut de pecunia communi municipum caveatur from his qui duumviratum quaesturamve petent. | The candidates for a duumvirate or a bailiff must provide surety and surety for the municipal property |
| 61 | R. De patrono cooptando. | About subordinating <the community?> To a patron . | |
| Section on the finances of the municipality | |||
| 62 | R. Ne quis aedificia quae restituturus non erit destruat. | Nobody should tear down houses that they don't rebuild. | |
| VII.B | 63 | R. De locationibus legibusque locationum proponendis et in tabulas municipii referendis. | About publishing the leases and entering them in the books of the municipality |
| 64 | R. De obligatione praedum et praediorum cognitorumque <…>. | About the liability of the surety and surety <for the municipal property> | |
| VII.C | 65 | R. Ut ius dicatur e lege dicta praedibus et praediis vendendis. | That justice is spoken according to the law on surety and surety |
| 66 | R. De multa quae dicta erit. | About the fine imposed | |
| 67 | R. De pecunia communi municipum deque rationibus eorumdem. | About community public money and the <finance> report on it | |
| 68 | R. De constituendis patronis causae cum rationes reddentur. | About the appointment of litigators in disputes over <finance> reports | |
| VIII.A | 69 | R. De iudicio pecuniae communis. | About public funds litigation |
| 70 | R. De actore municipum constituendo praemio mercedeve eius. | About the appointment of a community representative and his payment | |
| 71 | R. Acturis de pecunia communi testibus denuntiandi ut ius sit. | Prosecutors <in proceedings> for public funds have the right to name witnesses. | |
| Section on other administrative matters | |||
| VIII.B | 72 | R. De servis publicis manumittendis. | About the release of community slaves |
| 73 | R. De scribis et iure iurando eorum et aere apparitorio. | About the parish clerks and their oath and their payment | |
| 74 | R. De coetu sodalicio collegio. | Through meetings of fellowships and colleges | |
| VIII.C | 75 | R. Ne quit coematur supprimatur. | That nothing will be bought up and hoarded |
| 76 | R. De finibus vectigalibus circumeundis recognoscendis videatur oportere necne et si ea circumiri recognosci placeat per quos et quae ad modum circumiri et recognosci. | By checking the property boundaries and sources of income, whether necessary or not, by whom and how the decision is made | |
| 77 | R. De inpensis in sacra ludos cenasque faciendas. | About the expenses for religious <Sport> games and meals to be organized | |
| 78 | R. Ut decuriones consulantur cui negotio quisque servus publicus praeponatur. | That the parish council <the decurions> should be consulted about the duties of parish slaves | |
| 79 | R. Ad quem numerum decurionum conscriptorumve referri oporteat de pecunia communi municipum eroganda. | How many local councils vote on the use of public money | |
| IX.A | 80 | R. De pecunia publice mutua sumenda. | About taking up cash advances |
| 81 | R. De ordine spectaculorum. | About the order of the audience | |
| 82 | R. De viis itineribus fluminibus fossis cloacis. | Over streets, paths, rivers, ditches and sewers | |
| 83 | R. De ammunition. | About fortifications <a city wall> | |
| Local jurisdiction section | |||
| 84 | R. Quarum rerum et ad quantam pecuniam in eo municipio iuris dictio sit. | About what and up to what amount justice is spoken in this community | |
| IX.B | 85 | R. Magistratus ut in publico habeant album eius qui provinciam optinebit exque eo ius dicant. | That the officials <magistrates> publish an album <collection of judgments> of the provincial governor and speak according to this law |
| 86 | R. De iudicibus legendis proponendis. | By submitting the <lay judge list> | |
| IX.C | 87 | R. De iuidicibus reiciendis dandis. | About the rejection and appointment of <lay> judges |
| XA | 88 | R. De reciperatoribus reiciendis variety ducendis dandis. | About the rejection, drawing and determination of recipients <recuperatores> |
| 89 | R. De quibus rebus singuli iudices arbitrive et de quibus reciperatores dentur et quod dentur. | In which disputes individual <lay judges <Iudices>, in which arbitrators <Arbiter> and in which and how many recuperators <recuperatores> are determined | |
| 90 | R. De intertium dando. | About the determination of the negotiation date <intertium> | |
| 91 | R. Quo iure intertium denuntietur dies diffindatur diffissusve sit res iudicetur lis iudici damni sit res in iudicio esse desinat. | According to which law the hearing date <intertium> is announced or postponed and the cases are to be decided, which cases end at the expense of the <lay judge> for reasons of deadline | |
| XB | 92 | R. Quibus diebus res ne iudicentur et in quos intertium ne detur. | On which days the justice will not be pronounced and on which no negotiation date <intertium> will take place |
| 93 | R. De iure municipum. | About the right <the legal framework> of the citizens | |
| XC | 94 | R. De incolis. | About the non-citizens <Incolae> |
| Section of the final provisions | |||
| 95 | R. De lege in aes incidenda. | About the execution of this law in bronze | |
| 96 | R. Sanctio. | Criminal provision <enforcement formula> | |
| additive | |||
| 97 | R. Ut in libertos libertas civitatem Romanam consecutos consecutas per honores liberorum suorum aut virorum patroni it ius habeant quod antea habuerunt. | That for free people who have achieved Roman citizenship because of the offices of their children or spouses, the same right of patronage applies as before | |
| < littera > | Conubia conprehensa <…> | <Letter from Domitian> I recognize that certain marriages <...> | |
Reading sample
| ( LA )
|
( DE )
|
| (Original text Lex Irnitana, Plate VII, Chapter 62, FREE translation) | |
Holdings in the Archaeological Museum of Seville
- Table II: REP1990 / 178 , REP1990 / 181 , REP1990 / 181-2 , REP1990 / 182 , REP1990 / 183 , REP1990 / 187 , REP1990 / 188
- Table III: REP1982 / 818 , REP1984 / 1-3 , REP1998 / 187 , REP1998 / 188 , REP1998 / 189 , REP1998 / 192
- Panel V: REP1982 / 816 , REP1998 / 186
- Plate VII: ROD9144-2 , DJ1989 / 17 , REP1984 / 487 , REP1984 / 488
- Table VIII: REP1982 / 817 , REP1990 / 177 , REP1990 / 185 , REP1990 / 184 , REP1998 / 193
- Plate IX: ROD9143 , REP1990 / 179 , REP1990 / 186 , REP1990 / 189
- Panel X: ROD9144-1
credentials
- ↑ a b c d e Julián González: The lex Irnitana: a new copy of the Flavian municipal law . In: The Journal of Roman Studies . tape 76 , 1986, pp. 147-243 ( online ).
- ^ Allan Rodger: The lex Irnitana and procedure in the civil courts. In: The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 81, 1991, pp. 74-90.
- ↑ Carlos Sánchez-Moreno Ellart: Lex Irnitana, Encyclopedia of Ancient History. In: Roger S. Bagnall et al. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, et al. a. 2013 ( online ).
- ^ A b c Ernest Metzger: Agree to Disagree: Local Jurisdiction in the lex Irnitana. In: A. Burrows, D. Johnston, R. Zimmermann (Eds.): Judge and Jurist. Essays in Memory of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, pp. 207-225 ( online ).
- ↑ Cristina Jiménez Cano: Lex Irnitana / Record No. 5058 / Fragmento de bronce - Ley / jurídica. In: Hispania Epigraphica. Retrieved March 25, 2016 .
- ^ Hartmut Galsterer: Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain . In: The Journal of Roman Studies . No. 78 , 1988, pp. 78-90 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ Joseph Georg Wolf (ed.): The Lex Irnitana: a Roman city law from Spain . Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-24597-0 .