Octanol-water partition coefficient

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The octanol / water 2-phase system without additives

The n- octanol-water distribution coefficient K ow is a distribution coefficient for the two-phase system of n- octanol and water. In the English-language literature in particular, the K ow value is also referred to as the P value.

K ow serves as a measure of the ratio between lipophilicity (fat solubility) and hydrophilicity (water solubility) of a substance. The value is greater than one if a substance is more soluble in fat-like solvents such as n- octanol, and less than one if it is more soluble in water.

If a substance is present in the octanol-water system through association or dissociation in several species , each species is assigned its own K ow value. Related to the K ow value is the D value, which, dispensing with the distinction between different species, always only indicates the concentration ratio of the substance.

Applications

K ow values ​​are used, among other things, to assess the environmental behavior of long-lived organic pollutants . Chemicals with high coefficients, for example, tend to accumulate in the fatty tissue of organisms ( bioaccumulation ).

In addition, the parameter plays an important role in drug research ( Rule of Five ) and in toxicology . Ernst Overton and Hans Meyer discovered as early as 1900 that anesthetics were more effective the higher their K ow value ( Meyer-Overton rule ).

Furthermore, K ow values ​​are very well suited to assess how a substance is distributed within a cell between the lipophilic biomembrane and the aqueous cytosol .

appraisal

Since the K ow cannot be measured for all substances , there are various models for the prediction, e.g. B. through Quantitative Structure-Activity-Relationships ( QSAR ) or through Linear Free Energy Relationships ( LFER ).

There is also a variant of the UNIFAC model for estimating the octanol-water distribution coefficient.

Equations

  • Definition of the K ow or P value
The K ow or P value only ever relates to one species of a substance:
With:
  • Concentration of the species i of a substance in the octanol-rich phase
  • Concentration of the species i of a substance in the water-rich phase
If different species appear in the octanol-water system as a result of dissociation or association, a distinction must be made between several P values ​​and one D value. On the other hand, if the substance is only present in a single species, the P and D values ​​are identical.
P is usually given in the form of the decadic logarithm as Log P (also Log P ow or more rarely Log pOW):
Log P is positive for lipophilic and negative for hydrophilic substances or species.
  • Definition of the D value
The D value is always just the simple concentration ratio of a substance distributed between the octanol and water phases. It can also be calculated by adding up the concentrations of all n species in the octanol phase and the concentrations of all n species in the aqueous phase:
With:
  • Concentration of a substance in the octanol-rich phase
  • Concentration of a substance in the water-rich phase
D-values ​​are also usually given in the form of the decadic logarithm as log D:
Like Log P, Log D is positive for lipophilic and negative for hydrophilic substances. While P-values ​​are largely independent of the pH-value of the aqueous phase due to the restriction to only one species , there is often a strong dependence on the pH-value of the aqueous phase for D-values.

Sample data

The values ​​listed are sorted according to the size of the distribution coefficient. Acetamide is hydrophilic, 2,2 ', 4,4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl lipophilic.

material log K OW T literature
Acetamide −1.155 25 ° C
Methanol −0.824 19 ° C
Formic acid −0.413 25 ° C
Diethyl ether 0.833 20 ° C
p -dichlorobenzene 3,370 25 ° C
Hexamethylbenzene 4,610 25 ° C
2,2 ', 4,4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl 6.410 Surroundings

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. Jump up ↑ J. Sangster: Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry , Vol. 2 of Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry , John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1997 .
  2. ^ BW Urban: The Meyer-Overton Rule: What's Left? (PDF; 305 kB).
  3. ^ John C. Dearden: Partitioning and Lipophilicity in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships . Environ. Health Perspect. 1985 September; 61: 203-228; PMC 1568760 (free full text, PDF).
  4. GE Kellogg G, DJ Abraham: Hydrophobicity: is LogP (o / w) more than the sum of its parts? , in: Eur. J. Med. Chem. , 2000 , 35 , 651-661. PMID 10960181
  5. Gudrun Wienke: Measurement and precalculation of n-octanol / water distribution coefficients , doctoral thesis, Univ. Oldenburg, 1-172, 1993.
  6. Dortmund database
  7. R. Wolfenden, in: Biochem. J. , 1978 , 17 , 201-204.
  8. a b R. Collander, in: Acta Chem. Scand. , 1951 , 5 , 774-780.
  9. KE Whitehead, CJ Geankoplis in: Ind. Eng. Chem. , 1955 , 47 , 2114-2122.
  10. a b S. P. Wasik, YB Tewari, MM Miller, DE Martire, NBS Techn. Rep., Rep.No. NBSIR 81-2406, pp. 1-56, 1981.
  11. ^ J. Brodsky, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. , 1988 , 331 , 295-301.

Web links