List of Urartian fortifications

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Map with some Urartian fortifications.

The Urartian fortifications were mainly built by prisoners of war and served as a place of refuge in times of war. Their garrisons were probably only small. The fortresses were also religious centers and were used as storage facilities.

The foundations of the fortresses were often carved into the bare rock as steps (previously misinterpreted as step temples). It was evidently preferred to build the fortresses on virgin land, the kings often boast of having tamed the wilderness. There are only a few exceptions, such as Horom, which is built on the remains of settlements from the Early Bronze Age . Perhaps the remains of previous structures were partially removed before the foundation stone was laid. The walls made of standardized adobe bricks usually stood on a base made of dry stone, which was about 1 m high. Its outline was usually rectangular. Important buildings had regular ashlar walls. Basalt is the preferred building material .

In the 8th century, the fortresses had alternating small and large bastions; in the 7th century, bastions of the same size were used.

The fortress cities were called É.GAL (actually palace).

list

Important fortifications were in:

Urartean name today's name location Coordinates founder
 The End function
- Tsovak Armenia, Lake Sevan, former Arquqiuniu N 40 o 10 '55 .1' '

E  45 o 37 ' 27.5' '

H 1974m

- In use until the early Middle Ages great fortress
- Kol Pal Armenia, Lake Sevan, former Arquqiuniu N 40 o 09 '29 .2' '

E  45 o 43 '59 .2' 'H 2032m

- - Great fortress
- Vardenic Armenia, Lake Sevan, former Arquqiuniu - - - Great fortress
- Force Armenia, Lake Sevan, former Ṭuliḫu - - - Great fortress
d IM-I URU / Teišebai URU (City of the Weather God) Tsovinar (Odzaberd) Armenia, Lake Sevan, former Arquqiuniu N 40 ° 10.354 '

E 45 ° 32.763 '

H 1933 m

Rusa I. - É.GAL, probably provincial capital
- Altıntepe Turkey, near Erzincan, Upper Euphrates - - - fortress
- Aramus Armenia, Gegam foothills 40 '14' 54.4 "N, 44 '39' 11.6" E, 1495 m above sea level - - -
- Anzavurtepe Turkey, Patnos / Ağrı north Lake Van - - - fortress
- - Armenia, Dovri - - - Border fortification
- Darani Armenia, Elar - Argišti I. - Border fortification
- Haftavan III Iran, Urmia Lake - - - Toprakkale goods
- - Armenia, Horom, Shirak Plain - - - Border fortification
- Kayalıdere Turkey, Upper Murat Valley - late 7th century - Fortress with tower temple
- Kecikiran Kalesi Turkey - about 800 - -
- Korkut Kalesi Turkey - about 800 - -
- Muradiye Kalesi Turkey - about 800 - -
- Yukari Turkey, Zivistan, south of Van - - Ispuini, around 820 destroyed at the end of the reign of Rusa II, perhaps by earthquakes
- Anzav Kalesi Turkey, Aşağı, northern Van plain between Van and Ercek - Ispuini destroyed at the end of the reign of Rusa II, perhaps by earthquakes -
Argištihinili, assyr. Argistiuna Armavir Blur and Davti Blur Armenia, Ararat Plain - Argišti I. - -
Arṣuniuini Körzüt Turkey, mouth of Bendimahi Çay in Lake Van - Menua - Identification not completely assured
He (e) buni / Irpuni Arin-berd Armenia, southeastern outskirts of Yerevan - Argišti, 5th year of government left under Rusa II in favor of Teišebai-URU NO MATTER
d Ḫaldiei URU KUR , Ziuqinui Kef Kalesi Turkey, Adilcevaz at the northwest. Bank of Lake Van - Rusa II. - NO MATTER
d Ḫaldiei URU KUR Muradiye / Bekri Turkey, mouth of Bendimahi Çay in Lake Van - Išpuini - Identification not completely assured
Libluini Seqindel Iran, Iranian Azerbaijan - Sarduri II - -
Minuaḫinili Taşburun Turkey, Ararat Plain - - - -
- Aragats North of the Ararat plain - - - -
d Ḫaldiei URU KUR above Nor Bayezit Armenia, west bank of Lake Sevan Rusa I. ? Not excavated. Protection of the Ueliḫi Province
Rusa-i URU.TUR Bastam Iran, Khoy District 38 min 51, 43 min 22 Rusa II. destroyed by the Medes? É.GAL, road paving as a previous building in the 8th century
Rusaḫinili Eiduru-kai Ağartı Kalesı Turkey, Ayanıs northeast. from Van 38 ° 41 ′ 58 "N, 43 ° 11 ′ 54" E Rusa II, 651 BC BC completed destroyed at the end of the reign of Rusa II, perhaps by earthquakes NO MATTER
Rusaḫinili Qilbanikai Toprakkale Turkey, Van - Rusa II, built after Bastam violently destroyed NO MATTER
Šarduriḫinili Çavuştepe Turkey, southeast Lake Van 38 ° 21 ′ 11 "N, 43 ° 27 ′ 40" E Šarduri II. violently destroyed NO MATTER
Šarduriḫurda Kız Kalesi? Iran, Khoy District - - - Unsecured
Teišebai URU Kamir blur Armenia, northwest Yerevan, banks of the Hrazdan - Rusa II. - NO MATTER
Tušpa / Turušpa Van Kalesı Turkey, Van 38 ° 30 ′ 10 ″ N, 43 ° 20 ′ 20 ″ E Sarduri I. - Capital since the 9th century
Uajaiš Qalʿeh Ismail Aǧa? Iran, Urmia Lake - Menua and Išpuini - É.GAL, largest fortress of Rusa I.
- Taštepe Iran, Solduz Plain, Iranian Azerbaijan - Menua and Išpuini - Small fortress in the Mešta area

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Zimansky: Urartian material culture as state assemblage. In: Bulletin American Association Oriental Research 299, 1995, 105
  2. ^ Adam T. Smith: Rendering the Political Aesthetic: Political legitimacy in Urartian representations of the built environment. In: Journal Anthropological Archeology 19, 2000, 144
  3. ^ Adam T. Smith: Rendering the Political Aesthetic: Political legitimacy in Urartian representations of the built environment. In: Journal Anthropological Archeology 19, 2000, note 20
  4. ↑ Miroj Salvini: History and Culture of the Urartians. Darmstadt 1995, 133.
  5. ↑ Miroj Salvini: History and Culture of the Urartians Darmstadt 1995, 132.