Toprakkale

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Coordinates: 38 ° 31 ′ 14 "  N , 43 ° 24 ′ 14"  E

Relief Map: Turkey
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Toprakkale​
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Turkey
Toprakkale

Toprakkale (eng .: earth fortress ) is a settlement hill in the southeast of today's Turkey . It's near the town of Van . In the 7th century BC The Urartian king Rusa II founded the fortress Rusahinili (Rusas' city) here. It was a residential city.

Digs

Excavations at Toprakkale have been carried out by Russian, British: German and Turkish archaeologists since 1875

  • 1880 under Hormuzd Rassam , Captain E. Clayton, the British Vice-Consul in Van and GC Raynolds
  • 1898 under Lehmann-Haupt
  • 1911–1912 under Orbeli and Marr
  • 1959–1961 and 1976 under ores

Many artefacts made of bronze, gold, silver and ivory were found. Important finds are a bronze candlestick with a height of 136 cm, consecration shields and reliefs. An altar to the god Ḫaldi can be found in Istanbul today. Other finds are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara .

Finds from Van were bought in 1887 by the Vorderasiatisches Museum zu Berlin . The latest datable finds from Toprakkale, consecration shields made of bronze, bear inscriptions from Rusa (son of Erimena) , a late Urartean king whose chronological position is not certain.

Shields

  • BM 116735
  • BM 135733
  • BM 135734
  • BM 135735 (handle)
  • BM 135448, with dedicatory inscription Rusas to Ḫaldi

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ RD Barnett, The Excavations of the British Museum at Toprak Kale near Van. Iraq 12/1, 1950, 1-43
  2. ↑ Tuğba Tanyeri-Erdemir, Agency, innovation, change, continuity: considering the agency of Rusa II in the production of the imperial art and architecture of Urartu in the 7th Century BC. In: DL Peterson, LM Popova, AT Smith (Eds.): Beyond the Steppe and the sown. Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archeology. (= Colloquia Pontica. 13). Brill, Leiden 2006, pp. 266-267.
  3. ^ RD Barnett: More Addenda from Toprak Kale. In: Anatolian Studies . Volume 22, 1972, p. 163 (Special Number in Honor of the Seventieth Birthday of Professor Seton Lloyd)
  4. ^ Gerhard Rudolf Meyer: On the bronze statuette VA 774 from Toprak-Kale. In: Researches and Reports. Volume 8, 1967, pp. 7-11 (Archaeological Articles). State Museums in Berlin / Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation

literature

  • RD Barnett: The Excavations of the British Museum at Toprak Kale near Van. In: Iraq. Volume 12, 1950, pp. 1-43.
  • RD Barnett: The Excavations of the British Museum at Toprak Kale near Van - Addenda. In: Iraq. Volume 16, 1954, pp. 3-22.
  • RD Barnett: More Addenda from Toprak Kale. In: Anatolian Studies (AnSt). Volume 22, 1972, pp. 163-178.
  • O. Belli: Excavations at Toprakkale (Rusahinili), Second Capital of the Urartian Kingdom. In: İstanbul University's Contributions to Archeology in Turkey 1932–2000. Istanbul 2001, pp. 184-189.
  • A. Ores: Çavuştepe ve Yukarı Kale 1976 Dönemi Kazıları. In: Anadolu Araştırmaları (AnadoluAraş). Vol. 4-5, 1977, pp. 1-25.
  • A. Ores: Investigations in the Urartian city of Toprakkale near Van in the years 1959–1961. In: Archäologischer Anzeiger (AA). 1962, pp. 383-414.
  • Н. Я. Марр, И. А. Орбели: Археологическая экспедиция 1916 года в Ван. Петроград 1922.
  • B. Oğün: Brief history of the excavations in Van and the Turkish test excavations on the Toprak-kale in 1959. In: Journal of the German Oriental Society (ZDMG). Volume 111, 1961, pp. 254-282.

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