Toprakkale pottery

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Toprakkale cauldron with bull protomes, Erebuni
Animal-headed rhyton, toprakkale ware

Toprakkale ware is an Urartian disc-turned fine ceramic. It has a red, carefully polished surface and at least partially imitates metal vessels. Sometimes there is also a yellowish or brownish color. The clay is fine and lean. The surface is covered with a slip (clay glaze) made of red clay and is finely polished, perhaps with leather. The remains of an Urartian potter's wheel were found in Kamir Blur . The ceramic was fired at around 800 degrees.

to form

  • shallow and deep bowls
  • trophies
  • Handle cups
  • Jugs
  • Oinochoes with a clover-shaped mouth
  • wide-bodied storage vessels
  • Bottles

ornament

The majority of the vessels are not decorated, but there are also grooves, fluting, applied plastic decoration ("bossed") and incised patterns, as well as stamp decoration.

designation

designation author
Bianili ceramics Tarhan and Sevin
Palace ceramics Kapmeyer 2003/04
Palace goods S. Kroll
Toprakkale goods Charles Burney
Urartian Red Burnished pottery San 2005
Vannisch K. Lake

The appearance of the Toprakkale ware is limited to the large fortresses, where it was made. She was u. a. found in:

This type of pottery is also rare in the fortresses, however, Kapmeyer assumes a share of less than 5%.

Hans Henning von der Osten tried to derive this product from Hittite ceramics, which is difficult, however, chronologically. This ceramic belongs to the objects that were probably produced under direct state supervision and that had a signal effect both internally and externally. Due to the different composition of the coating, Kapmeyer assumes different production locations, but because of the special knowledge required for production, she also assumes a central control of production.

literature

  • Hannelore Kapmeyer: For the production of Urartean palace ceramics. In: Arch Mitt Iran 35/36, 2003/04, pp. 312–333.
  • Stefan Kroll: Pottery from Urartian fortresses in Iran. A contribution to the expansion of Urartu in Iranian Azarbeidzhan. Arch Mitt Iran, Rev. Volume 2, 1976.
  • Paul Zimansky: Urartian material culture as state assemblage . In: Bulletin of the American Association of Oriental Research 299, 1995, pp. 103-115.
  • Tuǧba Tanyeri-Erdemir: Agency, innovation, change, continuity: considering the agency of Rusa II in the production of the imperial art and architecture of Urartu in the 7th Century BC. In: DL Peterson et al. (Ed.): Beyond the steppe and the sown. Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archeology . Brill, Leiden 2006 ( Colloquia Pontica . Vol. 13), pp. 268-280.
  • Oya San: Urartian red burnished Pottery from Diyarbakir Museum . In: Anadolu / Anatolia 28, 2005 PDF

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Oya San: Urartian red burnished Pottery from Diyarbakir Museum . In: Anadolu / Anatolia 28, 2005, p. 73 PDF .
  2. ↑ a b H. H. von der Osten: The Urartian pottery from Van and the possibilities of their classification in Anatolian ceramics I. In: Orientalia 21, 1952, 310.
  3. ↑ Hannelore Kapmeyer: To produce Urartian palace ceramics. In: Arch Mitt Iran 35/36, 2003/04, 331
  4. ^ Oya San, Urartian Red Burnished pottery from Diyarbakir Museum, Anadolu 28, 2005, 74.
  5. ↑ Tuğba Tanyeri-Erdemir, Agency, innovation, change, continuity: considering the agency of Rusa II in the production of the imperial art and architecture of Urartu in the 7th Century BC. In: Peterson, DL / Popova, LM / Smith AT (eds.), Beyond the Steppe and the sown. Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archeology. Colloquia Pontica 13 (Leiden Brill 2006) 267.
  6. ↑ Raffaele Biscione, Pre-Urartina and Urartian settlement patterns in the Caucasus, two case studies, The Urmia Plain, Iran and the Sevan Basin, Armenia. In: Adam T. Smith, Karen S. Rubinson (Eds.), Archeology in the Borderlands, 182
  7. ↑ Harald Hauptmann: Norşuntepe . In: Dietz-Otto Edzard (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Frontasiatischen Aräologie Vol. 9. de Gruyter, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-11-017296-8 , p. 603.
  8. ↑ Raffaele Biscione, Pre-Urartina and Urartian settlement patterns in the Caucasus, two case studies, The Urmia Plain, Iran and the Sevan Basin, Armenia. In: Adam T. Smith, Karen S. Rubinson (Eds.), Archeology in the Borderlands, 177.
  9. ↑ Kemalettin Köroǧlu, The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroǧlu / G. Darbyshire (Ed.), Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van, 6.-10. August 2001. British Institute of Archeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005) 104.
  10. ↑ Hannelore Kapmeyer: To produce Urartian palace ceramics. In: Arch Mitt Iran 35/36, 2003/04, 312.
  11. ^ Paul Zimansky: Urartian material culture as state assemblage . In: Bulletin of the American Association of Oriental Research 299, 1995, pp. 103-115
  12. ↑ Hannelore Kapmeyer: To produce Urartian palace ceramics. In: Arch Mitt Iran 35/36, 2003/04, 332.