List of castles and fortresses in Turkey

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The list of castles, palaces and fortresses in Turkey includes a selection of castles and fortresses in Turkey , with the exception of Istanbul Province . The buildings there are included in the list of castles, fortresses and palaces in Istanbul .

The list contains city fortifications, fortified individual buildings, building complexes and parts of cities. Also listed - fortified or unfortified - rulers' seats as well as residences of members of the government, princes and governors.

Fortifications of Troy

historical overview

The area of ​​today's Turkey has been inhabited, ruled or traversed by numerous peoples and empires who left fortresses and rulers' seats. The oldest known city fortification is the citadel in the second layer of Troy from the first half of the third millennium BC. BC, whose builders are not known in detail. After that, buildings possibly built by the Hurrians , certainly the Luwians and Hittites , mostly walled city centers, which both contained the residences of the rulers and also served as a refuge for the population in case of danger. The acropolis of the Phrygians , Lydians , Urartians , Greeks and Romans that followed served similar purposes . A large part of it already has the character of medieval castles, such as the Byzantine buildings that were built from the fifth century onwards . The crusaders who passed through after the turn of the millennium took over existing fortresses, but also built new ones. The same applies to the Armenians and Seljuks , who came to Anatolia around the same time , and to their successors, the Ottomans . During this time, rulers' seats were built, the main purpose of which was not defense, but representation, right up to magnificent palaces.

Location of the buildings

Explanation of the list

• Image : Displays a picture of the building when possible.
• Name : Name of the building, if applicable, alternative name
• Location : Indicates the town / district in which the building is located.
• Province : Shows the province in which the building is located.
• Coordinates : Indicates the geographic coordinate.
• Year : Shows the year of manufacture.
• Builder : Shows the builder.
• Remarks : Contains remarks about the building.

Note: The list can be sorted: clicking on a column header sorts the list according to this column, clicking twice reverses the sorting. Any desired combination can be achieved by clicking two columns in a row.

The sorting in the Builder column is not alphabetical by name, but rather chronologically by epoch.

image	Surname	location	province	Coordinates	year	builder	Remarks
	Citadel of Afyonkarahisar , Afyon	Afyonkarahisar	Afyonkarahisar	38 ° 45 '24.4 "  N , 30 ° 31' 54.7"  E	Middle of the 2nd millennium BC Chr.	probably Hittite	Fortress was considerably expanded by the Rum Seljuks under Alaeddin Keykubad I in the 13th century
	Ağartı Kalesı Ayanis, Rusahinili Eidorukai	Ağarti / Van	Van	38 ° 42 ′ 31 ″  N , 43 ° 12 ′ 42 ″  E	7th century BC Chr.	Rusa II.
	Alanya Kalesi	Alanya	Antalya	36 ° 31 ′ 59 ″  N , 31 ° 59 ′ 27 ″  E	2nd century BC Chr.	Seleucid ruler Diodotos Tryphon	in the 13th century. under Rum Seljuks rebuilt
	Alara Kalesi	Alanya	Antalya	36 ° 41 ′ 55 "  N , 31 ° 43 ′ 46"  E		Byzantines	Conquered in 1232 by the Seljuq ruler Kai Kobad I.
	Altıntepe	Üzümlü	Erzincan	39 ° 41 ′ 48 "  N , 39 ° 38 ′ 48"  E	early 1st millennium BC Chr.	Urartians
	Citadel of Amasra İç Kale	Amasra	Bartın	41 ° 44 ′ 58 "  N , 32 ° 23 ′ 19"  E		Byzantines	expanded by Genoese
	Amasya Citadel Amaseia	Amasya	Amasya	40 ° 39 ′ 20 "  N , 35 ° 49 ′ 37"  E	late 1st millennium BC Chr.	probably Kingdom of Pontus	Since Mithridates II. Residence of the Pontic kings, today's remains of Ottoman origin
	Amouda Amuda, Amutay, Hemite Kalesi	Gökçedam / Osmaniye	Osmaniye	37 ° 11 '19 "  N , 36 ° 5' 40"  E			Conquered by Thoros II in 1145, handed over to the Teutonic Knights by Leo II in 1212
	Anahşa Anakşan, Alakşan, Rodentos	Cilicia southeast of Pozantı	Adana	37 ° 23 ′ 32 "  N , 34 ° 54 ′ 16"  E		Byzantines	Frankish name Butrentum, Arabic name Hisn Assakaliba
	Acropolis of Anazarba Anavarza, Anazarbos, Ain Zarba	Dilekkaya / Kozan	Adana	37 ° 15 ′ 50 "  N , 35 ° 54 ′ 20"  E	unknown	possibly Hittites	Burgberg already settled in prehistoric times. Until 1184 capital of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia
	Ankara Akkale Citadel	Ankara	Ankara	39 ° 56 '20.5 "  N , 32 ° 51' 55.5"  E	around 270 BC Chr.	Tecto sagas ( Galatians who immigrated from Pontus )	Presumably the location of a fortress in Hittite times.
	Citadel of Antioch ad Cragum Antioch at Kragos	Güneyköy / Gazipaşa	Antalya	36 ° 9 ′ 23 "  N , 32 ° 24 ′ 54"  E	1st century AD	Antiochus III. or Antiochus IV by Kommagene	Acropolis and Citadel
	Fortress of Arapgir Arabkir, Arabrakes	Arapgir / Arapgir District	Malatya			Seljuks
	Fortress of Ardanuç Gevhernik Kale	Ardanuç	Artvin	41 ° 7 ′ 38 "  N , 42 ° 3 ′ 18"  E	575	Georgian Bagrationi dynasty of Tao-Klardschetien
	Artvin Castle	Artvin	Artvin	41 ° 11 ′ 18 "  N , 41 ° 49 ′ 28"  E	937
	Asguras	Cilicia, north of the Cilician Gate					Seat of the Nathanaeler family
	Acropolis of Assos Behramkale	Behramkale / Ayvacık	Çanakkale	39 ° 29 ′ 26 ″  N , 26 ° 20 ′ 13 ″  E	3rd century BC Chr.	Greeks	In the 9th – 7th Century BC Chr. Of Aioliern from Lesbos populated city fortifications under Attalids built, possibly on earlier foundations
	Ayas Kalesi Aias, Ajazzo, Lajazzo	Yumurtalık	Adana	36 ° 46 ′ 9 "  N , 35 ° 47 ′ 48"  E		Kingdom of Lesser Armenia	At the site of the ancient Aigeai, consisting of a land and sea castle, formerly connected with dams
	Azgit Kalesi	Andırın	Kahramanmaraş	37 ° 36 ′ 34 "  N , 36 ° 22 ′ 56"  E			between Vahka and Sarventikar
	Babakale	Babakale / Ayvacık	Çanakkale	39 ° 28 '46 "  N , 26 ° 3' 52"  E	1725	Mustafa Pasha, a vizier of Sultan Ahmet III.	The last Ottoman fortress built in Turkey The westernmost point of mainland Anatolian
	Baghras , Bakraskale, Bağras	Ötençay / Belen	Hatay	36 ° 25 ′ 37 ″  N , 36 ° 13 ′ 30 ″  E	around 1100	Crusader ( templar )	Conquered by Saladin in 1188 , then in Armenian and Mameluk possession
	Barbaron Çandır Kalesi, Paperon	Çandır / Mersin	Mersin	37 ° 1 ′ 13 ″  N , 34 ° 36 ′ 56 ″  E		Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Hethumids
	Bayburt Castle	Bayburt	Bayburt	40 ° 15 ′ 52 "  N , 40 ° 13 ′ 46"  E		Bagratids ?	Iron Age fragments point to a previous Urartian building.
	Fortress of Birecik Birtha, al-Bīrā البيرا, Bile	Birecik	Şanlıurfa	37 ° 1 ′ 55 "  N , 37 ° 58 ′ 47"  E	unknown	unknown	Already in Roman times location of a fortress. Oldest inscription (restoration) from around 1200
	Bodrum Kalesi at Hierapolis Kastabala	Kesmeburun / Osmaniye	Osmaniye	37 ° 10 ′ 39 "  N , 36 ° 11 ′ 16"  E		Kingdom of Lesser Armenia
	Boyabat Castle Boyabat Kalesi	Boyabat	Sinop	41 ° 27 ′ 58 "  N , 34 ° 45 ′ 42"  E	7th century BC Chr.	probably Greek settlers	rebuilt by the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans
	Fortress of Bozcaada Bozcaada Kalesi, Tenedos	Bozcaada	Çanakkale	39 ° 50 ′ 11 "  N , 26 ° 4 ′ 23"  E	15th century	Mehmet II	Previous buildings under Byzantine , Genoese and Venetian rule
	Bursa fortress Bursa Kalesi	Bursa	Bursa	40 ° 11 '11 "  N , 29 ° 3' 30"  E	2nd century BC Chr.	Prusias I.	many times rebuilt, in the 14th century residence of Sultan Orhan I.
	Büyükkale Citadel of Hattuša	Boğazkale	Çorum	40 ° 0 ′ 57.3 "  N , 34 ° 37 ′ 12.5"  E	16th century BC Chr.	Labarna I , Hittite king	Capital of the Hittite Empire
	Çandarlı fortress	Çandarlı / Dikili	İzmir	38 ° 56 ′ 2 ″  N , 26 ° 56 ′ 1 ″  E	around 1300	Genoese
	Çavuştepe Šarduriḫinili	Çavuştepe / Gürpınar	Van	38 ° 21 '16 "  N , 43 ° 27' 46"  E	764-735 BC Chr.	Sarduri II , Urartian king
	Fortress of Çeşme	Çeşme	Izmir	38 ° 19 ′ 25 ″  N , 26 ° 18 ′ 13 ″  E	14th century	Genoese	rebuilt by the Ottomans, today an archaeological museum
	Çimenlik Kalesi Çanakkale Kalesi, Boğaz Hisarı	Çanakkale	Çanakkale	40 ° 8 ′ 47 "  N , 26 ° 23 ′ 57"  E	1452	Sultan Mehmed II
	Citadel of Çorum Çorum Kalesi	Çorum	Çorum	40 ° 32 '44 "  N , 34 ° 57' 26"  E	unknown	probably Seljuks	Visited and described by Evliya Çelebi in 1647
	Cursat Qalaat al-Zau, قلعة الذو, Castrum Patriarchae, Kozkalesi, Kurşat Kalesi	Kozkalesi / Altınözü	Hatay	36 ° 5 ′ 46 ″  N , 36 ° 12 ′ 3 ″  E	unknown		Conquered in 1133 by the Crusader King Fulk , later owned by the Patriarch of Antioch
	Divriği Fortress	Divriği	Sivas	39 ° 22 ′ 31 ″  N , 38 ° 7 ′ 21 ″  E	unknown	probably Byzantines	Restored in 1236 and 1252 by the Mengücek dynasty
	Diyarbakır City Walls	Diyarbakır	Diyarbakır	37 ° 54 ′ 39 ″  N , 40 ° 14 ′ 12 ″  E	4th century	Constantius II , Byzantine emperor	5.5 km in circumference, up to 5 m thick. The citadel (Iç Kale) in the northeast, perhaps on Hurrian foundations
	Erzurum Fortress	Erzurum	Erzurum	39 ° 54 ′ 28 "  N , 41 ° 16 ′ 37"  E	4th century	Theodosius I , Byzantine emperor	later rebuilt and expanded several times
	Eskihisar	Gebze	Kocaeli	40 ° 46 '16.3 "  N , 29 ° 25' 53.6"  E	12th century	Manuel I. Komnenos , Byzantine emperor
	Gaban Give Kalesi	Give / Andırın	Kahramanmaraş	37 ° 48 ′ 52 "  N , 36 ° 24 ′ 30"  E			Last refuge of the last Armenian King Leon VI. fell before the Mamlucken, 1375
	Gaziantep Citadel	Gaziantep	Gaziantep	37 ° 3 ′ 59 "  N , 37 ° 23 ′ 0"  E	6th century	Justinian I.	Later construction by the Seljuks
	Gobidara Kosidar, Colidara	north of Kozan	Adana			Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Rubenids
	Gökvelioğlu Kalesi Vaner Kalesi	Güveloğlu / Yüreğir	Adana	36 ° 50 ′ 41 ″  N , 35 ° 36 ′ 30 ″  E		Byzantines	Rebuilt by Armenians
	Acropolis of Gordion	Yassıhüyük / Polatlı	Ankara	39 ° 38 ′ 41 ″  N , 31 ° 59 ′ 35 ″  E	8th century BC Chr.	Phrygians	Settlement as early as the 3rd millennium BC Chr.
	Gülek Kalesi	Gülek / Tarsus	Mersin	37 ° 16 '12 "  N , 34 ° 47' 26"  E	12th century	Kingdom of Lesser Armenia	Monitored the Cilician Gate, probably a Byzantine predecessor building
	Hamus Ḥumaymiṣ, Çardak Kalesi	Cilicia, southeast of Osmaniye	Osmaniye	37 ° 4 ′ 29 ″  N , 36 ° 19 ′ 7 ″  E			Seat of the Byzantine governor Andronikos captured by Mamluks in 1298
	Castle of Harput Süt Kalesi (German: Milchfestung) , İç Kale	Elazığ	Elazığ	38 ° 42 ′ 11 "  N , 39 ° 15 ′ 27"  E	early 1st millennium BC Chr.	Urartians	renewed by Romans, Byzantines and Arabs
	Harunia Haruniye, Harun Reşit Kalesi	Haruniye / Düziçi	Osmaniye	37 ° 15 ′ 29 "  N , 36 ° 28 ′ 55"  E			1236 to the Teutonic Knights
	Hasankale	Pasinler	Erzurum	39 ° 58 ′ 44 "  N , 41 ° 40 ′ 53"  E	9./8. Century BC Chr.	Menua	A Urartian inscription was found on the fortress
	Hasankeyf fortress	Hasankeyf	Batman	37 ° 42 ′ 41 ″  N , 41 ° 24 ′ 39 ″  E	4th century	Byzantines
	Hisaronu fortress	Marmaris / Hisaronu	Muğla	36 ° 47 '43.1 "  N , 28 ° 8' 7.3"  E		Byzantines	Citadel with double walls, built on the acropolis of ancient Bybasso, which dates back to archaic times
	Hoşap	Güzelsu	Van	38 ° 19 ′ 1 ″  N , 43 ° 48 ′ 6 ″  E	1643	Mahmudi Süleyman, Kurdish prince
	Hurman Kalesi	North of Afşin	Kahramanmaraş	38 ° 28 '29.1 "  N , 36 ° 50' 8.7"  E	Byzantine Empire	unknown	built perhaps in Roman times, rebuilt in 911 by the Seljuks and 17th / 18th. Century of Ottomans
	Ishak Pasha Palace	near Dogubeyazıt	Ağrı	39 ° 31 '14.1 "  N , 44 ° 7' 44.1"  E	1685-1784	Çolak Abdi Pasha, İshak Pasha II.	Previously the location of castles of the Urartians, Seljuks and Ottomans
	İskilip Citadel	İskilip	Çorum	40 ° 44 ′ 9 "  N , 34 ° 28 ′ 25.9"  E
	İspir Castle	İspir	Erzurum	40 ° 29 ′ 0 ″  N , 40 ° 59 ′ 41 ″  E	12./13. Century	Mongolian Ilkhan dynasty	Restored by Suleyman I in the 16th century
	Kadifekale , Pagos	İzmir	İzmir	38 ° 24 '49.6 "  N , 27 ° 8' 42.6"  E	4th century BC Chr.	Lysimachus
	Kaleköy Castle , Simena	Kalekoy , Simena	Antalya	36 ° 11 '28.1 "  N , 29 ° 51' 43.3"  E	middle Ages
	Karaman Citadel , Karaman Kalesi	Karaman	Karaman	37 ° 10 ′ 55 "  N , 33 ° 12 ′ 22"  E	12th century	Seljuks	Probably on Hittite foundations, restored several times
	Karasis	Kozan	Adana	37 ° 33 '8 "  N , 35 ° 51' 57"  E	around 200 BC Chr.	Seleucids	The identity with the ancient Kyinda cannot yet be proven.
	Karatepe-Arslantaş Azatiwataya	Kadirli	Osmaniye	37 ° 17 ′ 44 "  N , 36 ° 15 ′ 13"  E	8th century BC Chr.	Azatiwataš, late Luwian king	Azatiwataš royal residence
	Citadel of Kars	Kars	Kars	40 ° 36 '53 "  N , 43 ° 5' 25"  E	Built in 1152	Saltukids
	Citadel of Kastamonu Castamon, Castra Comneni	Kastamonu	Kastamonu	41 ° 22 ′ 29 ″  N , 33 ° 46 ′ 10 ″  E	12th century	Komnenen
	Citadel of Kayseri	Kayseri	Kayseri	38 ° 43 ′ 16 "  N , 35 ° 29 ′ 20"  E	6th century	Byzantines	rebuilt by the Seljuks
	Kilitbahir	Eceabat	Çanakkale	40 ° 8 '53.1 "  N , 26 ° 22' 47.3"  E	late 15th century	Mehmed II
	Korykos Castle	Kızkalesi / Erdemli	Mersin	36 ° 27 ′ 49 ″  N , 34 ° 9 ′ 2 ″  E	12th century	Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Rubenids	Originally probably connected to the associated island fortress Kızkalesi ( Girls Castle ) via a pier .
	Citadel of Kozan Sis, Sisium, Sision, Flaviopolis	Kozan	Adana	37 ° 26 ′ 48 "  N , 35 ° 48 ′ 42"  E		Byzantines	Rebuilt by Caliph al-Mutawakkil (846–861), capital of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia in 1375 under Leon VI. fallen in mommies
	Kurşunlu Kalesi Andinata	Kursunlu	Çankırı	40 ° 50 ′ 14.6 "  N , 33 ° 15 ′ 22.5"  E	unknown	probably Byzantines
	Kuşadası Castle Scala Nova	Kuşadası	Aydın	37 ° 51 '49 "  N , 27 ° 14' 52"  E	13th century	Genoese	rebuilt in the 15th century by the Ottomans
	Kütahya Kalesi Kütahya Hisarı	Kutahya	Kutahya	39 ° 25 ′ 9 ″  N , 29 ° 58 ′ 16 ″  E	Byzantine period	Byzantines	expanded in the 14th century by the Germiyano ğulları
	Castle of Kybistra Herakleia Kybistra, Tont Kalesi	Gökçeyazı / Ereğli	Konya	37 ° 27 '59 "  N , 34 ° 10' 14"  E	Byzantine period	Byzantines	Conquered by Arabs in 806 , later crusaders , Rum Seljuks , Lesser Armenia, destroyed by Mongols in the middle of the 13th century
	Lambron Les Embruns, Namrun, Lamprun, Çamlıyayla Kalesi	Çamlıyayla	Mersin	37 ° 10 ′ 4 "  N , 34 ° 36 ′ 12"  E	unknown	probably Byzantines	Predecessor buildings likely, but not proven, later in Mameluke hands. Guard the Cilician Gate
	Lamos Kalesi	Limonlu / Erdemli	Mersin	36 ° 33 ′ 26 "  N , 34 ° 14 ′ 28"  E	roman time	unknown	Greatly changed in early Ottoman times, no Byzantine remains
	Liman Kalesi	7 km west of Taşucu / Silifke	Mersin	36 ° 16 ′ 42 "  N , 33 ° 50 ′ 8"  E	16th Century	Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha	in the 17th century pirate fortress
	Girls Castle Kız Kalesi	Kızkalesi / Erdemli	Mersin	36 ° 27 '24.5 "  N , 34 ° 8' 53"  E	1104	Eustathios, Byzantine admiral	Originally probably connected to the Korykos country castle belonging to it via a pier .
	Mamure Kalesi	Anamur	Mersin	36 ° 4 ′ 52 "  N , 32 ° 53 ′ 40"  E	3rd century	Romans	Later renewed by or owned by the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia , the Beylik Karaman , the Ottoman Empire .
	Mancınıkkale	Kızılısalı / Silifke	Mersin	36 ° 30 '53 "  N , 34 ° 3' 24"  E	3rd - 2nd century BC Chr.	Hellenism
	Citadel of Mardin Merde, Mardia	Mardin	Mardin	37 ° 19 ′ 2 "  N , 40 ° 44 ′ 41"  E		probably Romans	First mentioned as Maride Fortress by Ammianus Marcellinus , 640 conquered by Muslims up to the 15th century ( Aq Qoyunlu ), rebuilt and expanded several times
	Marmaris Castle	Marmaris	Muğla	36 ° 51 ′ 2 "  N , 28 ° 16 ′ 28"  E	1522	Suleyman the Magnificent
	Meydancıkkale , antique possibly Kiršu	Emirhacı / Gülnar	Mersin	36 ° 16 ′ 24 "  N , 33 ° 26 ′ 28"  E	6th century BC Chr.		In the 6th century BC Destroyed by the neo-Babylonian ruler Neriglissar , seat of a governor in the Achaemenid Empire , used until the early Christian and Byzantine times.
	Acropolis of Midas City Midas Şehri	Yazılıkaya / Han	Eskişehir	39 ° 12 ′ 6 "  N , 30 ° 42 ′ 51"  E	around 1000 BC Chr.	Phrygians	Religious center of the Phrygian Empire Probably already settled in Hittite times
	Fortress of Mut Mut Kalesi	courage	Mersin	36 ° 38 ′ 40 "  N , 33 ° 26 ′ 2"  E		Byzantines	Rebuilt by the Karamanids in the 14th century
	Niğde Citadel , Niğde Kalesi	Niğde	Niğde	37 ° 58 ′ 6 "  N , 34 ° 40 ′ 47"  E	1st third of the 13th century	Alaeddin Keykubad	Alaeddin Mosque and clock tower within the fortress walls
	Orhaniye Castle	Orhaniye Mahallesi / Marmaris	Muğla	36 ° 45 ′ 41.8 "  N , 28 ° 7 ′ 31.3"  E		Byzantines	Multi-part castle complex, only accessible by boat. Probably the Castello di Marmora mentioned in the portulans
	Osmancık Kalesi, Kandiber Kalesi	Osmancık	Çorum	40 ° 58 ′ 22 "  N , 34 ° 48 ′ 10"  E	unknown	Seljuks on a previous Roman building
	Partzapert Partzerpert, Bardzabert, Barṣ Bīt	Cilicia, northeast of Kozan exact location not known					Rubenid since Thoros II.
	Payas Castle	Yakacık / Dörtyol	Hatay	36 ° 45 ′ 16 ″  N , 36 ° 12 ′ 9 ″  E	13th century	Crusader
	Acropolis of Pergamon	Bergama	İzmir	39 ° 8 ′ 1 ″  N , 27 ° 11 ′ 0 ″  E	3rd century BC Chr.	Attalids
	Pertek Fortress , Pertek Kalesi	Pertek	Tunceli	38 ° 50 ′ 40 ″  N , 39 ° 16 ′ 18 ″  E	1367	Seljuks	possibly rebuilt by Ottomans on older foundations
	Acropolis of Pinara	Minare / Fethiye	Muğla	36 ° 29 ′ 25 ″  N , 29 ° 15 ′ 15 ″  E	unknown	Lycians	Place probably already settled in Hittite times
	Acropolis of Priene	Güllübahçe / Söke	Aydın	37 ° 39 '54 "  N , 27 ° 17' 39"  E	4th century BC Chr.	Greek settlers
	Rize Castle Rize Kalesi	Rize	Rize	41 ° 1 ′ 28 "  N , 40 ° 30 ′ 33"  E	middle Ages	Genoese
	Rum Kalesi Hromkla	Halfeti	Şanlıurfa	37 ° 16 '14.8 "  N , 37 ° 50' 16.5"  E	12th century	Armenians	1150–1292 Seat of the Armenian Catholicos conquered by the Mamlukes in 1292 as one of the last Christian retreats . State prison in Ottoman times
	Citadel of Sanliurfa Edessa	Şanlıurfa	Şanlıurfa	37 ° 8 ′ 44 "  N , 38 ° 47 ′ 2"  E	unknown	Crusaders	built on older foundations According to legend, after the location of the palace of Nimrod
	Castle of Sardis , Sardis, Sart	Sardis	Manisa	38 ° 28 ′ 32.8 "  N , 28 ° 2 ′ 37.7"  E	early 1st millennium BC Chr.	Lyder
	Sarventikar Serventikar, Savranda Kalesi, Sarovantari, Savouran Kale	Kalecik	Osmaniye	37 ° 8 ′ 56 "  N , 36 ° 27 ′ 33"  E	unknown	possibly Lesser Armenia	Served the defense of the kingdom of Lesser Armenia to the east. Fallen in 1337 to the Mameluks.
	Selçuk Ayasoluk Citadel	Selçuk	İzmir	37 ° 57 ′ 20 ″  N , 27 ° 22 ′ 5 ″  E	around 6th century	Byzantines	Location of the first settlement of Ephesus , perhaps identical to the Hittite Apasa. Expanded by Seljuks
	Selimiye Köyü Castle	Marmaris / Selimiye Köyü	Muğla	36 ° 42 '5.4 "  N , 28 ° 6' 7.2"  E	unknown	Byzantines	Multi-room castle complex on a high rock
	Citadel of Silifke Seleukia on Kalykadnos Gomardias (poor.), Camardesium (lat.)	Silifke	Mersin	36 ° 22 '35.9 "  N , 33 ° 54' 56.2"  E	unknown	Byzantines	on the site of an ancient acropolis
	Acropolis of Sillyon	Serik	Antalya	36 ° 59 ′ 35 "  N , 30 ° 59 ′ 20"  E	unknown	Greek settlers	First mention of the place in the 5th century BC. Chr.
	Korsan Kalesi in the Bahçeli Mahallesi of Marmaris / Söğütköy	Marmaris / Söğütköy	Muğla	36 ° 39 ′ 28 "  N , 28 ° 8 ′ 3.2"  E	unknown	probably Byzantines	Fence with battlements and a tower; inside a cistern
	St. Peter	Bodrum	Muğla	37 ° 1 '54.3 "  N , 27 ° 25' 45.6"  E	1420	Crusader (Johanniter)	Ottoman from 1523, used as a place of exile until the 20th century
	Sultantepe	Şanlıurfa	Şanlıurfa	37 ° 3 ′ 1 ″  N , 38 ° 54 ′ 22 ″  E	7th century BC Chr.	Assyrians	Location of a stele of the moon god Sin
	Tachikk'ar Tajikikar, Tajikkar	Cilicia					1159 Refuge of Thoros II during the attack by Manuel I on Lesser Armenia
	Tapikka Maşat Hüyük	Yalınyazı / Zile	Tokat	40 ° 8 ′ 54 "  N , 35 ° 45 ′ 44"  E	early 2nd millennium BC Chr.	Hittites	Hittite palace complex and citadel
	Tilbeşar Seraser Hisar, Seleser Hisar, Kızıl Hisar, Turbessel	Gündoğan, Oğuzeli	Gaziantep	36 ° 52 ′ 27 ″  N , 37 ° 33 ′ 32 ″  E	unknown	unknown	Settled as early as the Halaf period. Conquered by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1097 . Destroyed by Mongols in 1263
	Tlos Tlawa Castle , Dalawa	Düğer / Fethiye	Muğla	36 ° 33 ′ 17 "  N , 29 ° 25 ′ 7"  E	unknown	Lycians	Existing Byzantine castle ruins, rebuilt by Kanlı Ali Ağa, who was considered a robber, origin of the city possibly Hittite
	Tokmar Kalesi Castellum Novum	Akdere, Silifke	Mersin	36 ° 15 ′ 23 "  N , 33 ° 46 ′ 14"  E	12th century	probably Kingdom of Lesser Armenia	probably identical with the little Armenian Norpert
	Toprakkale Rusaḫinili	Van	Van	38 ° 31 '14 "  N , 43 ° 24' 14"  E	7th century BC Chr.	Rusa II , King of Urartu	Next to Tušpa, the residence of the Urartian kings
	Toprakkale Til Hamdoun	Toprakkale	Osmaniye	37 ° 3 ′ 1 ″  N , 36 ° 8 ′ 12 ″  E	unknown	Byzantines	expanded by crusaders and Armenians in the 12th century
	Citadel of Trabzon Trebizond, Trebizond	Trabzon	Trabzon	41 ° 0 ′ 10 "  N , 39 ° 43 ′ 11"  E		probably Byzantines	Expanded by Alexios II in 1324
	Troy Troy, Ilion, Wilusa (?), Truva	Tevfikiye / Çanakkale	Çanakkale	39 ° 57 ′ 26 ″  N , 26 ° 14 ′ 19 ″  E	Beginning of the 3rd millennium BC Chr.	Bronze Age settlers	probably identical to the Hittite Wilusa , settled since 4800 BC BC to Byzantine times
	Vahka , Vahka, Wahga	Feke	Adana	37 ° 51 ′ 37 "  N , 35 ° 57 ′ 6"  E	unknown	Byzantines	Conquered by Rubenids in the 11th century. Later fell to Mameluks
	Van Kalesi, Tušpa	Van	Van	38 ° 30 ′ 10 ″  N , 43 ° 20 ′ 20 ″  E	840-825 BC Chr.	Sarduri I of Bianili	Capital of Urartu
	Yenicals	Arsameia on Nymphaios near Eski Kahta / Kâhta	Adıyaman	37 ° 56 '53.1 "  N , 38 ° 39' 11.2"  E	13th century	Mameluks	Originally the palace building of the Kommagenischen rulers, a later building was destroyed in 1286, then the current one followed.
	Yeniyurt Kalesi	Yeniyurt / Erdemli	Mersin	36 ° 37 ′ 33 "  N , 34 ° 7 ′ 47"  E	3rd century BC Chr.	Seleucids	Hellenistic fortification walls with settlement from the Roman-Early Byzantine period
	Yılankale Yılanlıkale, Sahmirankale	Cilicia, west of Ceyhan	Adana	37 ° 0 ′ 52 "  N , 35 ° 44 ′ 52"  E	12-13 Century	Leo II , Armenian king	According to legend, built by the contortionist Meran (Yılan Turkish for snake)
	Zivin Kalesi	Süngütaşı near Horasan , Sarıkamış District	Kars	40 ° 13 ′ 59 ″  N , 42 ° 16 ′ 7 ″  E	early 1st millennium BC Chr.	Urartians	Modifications by the Seljuks and Ottomans

literature

• Kristian Molin: Unknown crusader castles . Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85285-261-0 ( GoogleBooks ).
• Hansgerd Hellenkemper : Castles of the Crusader Age in the county of Edessa and in the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia In: Geographica Historica 1 Habelt, Bonn 1976 ISBN 377491205X

Web links

Commons : Castles, chateaus and fortresses in Turkey  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Burgdaten.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 54, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
2. ^ David Nicolle: Adam Hook: Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191-1571 , Volume 59 by Fortress Series, Osprey Publishing, 2007 ISBN 978-1-84176-976-9 at GoogleBooks
3. ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 73, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
4. ↑ Amudah
5. ↑ John Bagnell Bury : History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: AD 802-867 Cosimo, 2008, ISBN 978-1-60520-421-5 , p. 246, GoogleBooks
6. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 72, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
7. ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 112, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
8. ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism
9. ↑ Mersin Il kältür ve Turizm müdürlügü
10. ↑ Boyabat website (Turkish)
11. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 177 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
12. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 143 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
13. ↑ Evliya Çelebi, Korkut M. Buğday: Evliya Celebis Anatolienreise . Brill 1996 p. 283 ISBN 9789004104457 on GoogleBooks
14. ↑ Cursat
15. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 746 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
16. ↑ GÖKVELIOĞLU CASTLE / VANER KALESI / VANERIUM CALESI
17. ↑ Al-Yūnīnī's Dhayl Mirʼāt al-zamān: Early Mamluk Syrian historiography Volume 1. Brill 1998 p. 103 ISBN 978-90-04-11028-1 on GoogleBooks
18. ↑ Claudia Sagona et al. a. Archeology at the north-east Anatolian frontier, I. Peeters 2004, p. 57 at GoogleBooks
19. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 250 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
20. ↑ Sights and sights in Karaman
21. ^ John Freely : The western shores of Turkey. Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2004 p. 15 ISBN 978-1-85043-618-8 at GoogleBooks
22. ↑ VF Buchner: Sis. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Vol. 9, Brill, Leiden, p. 678.
23. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 280 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
24. ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 593 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
25. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 200, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
26. ^ M Th Houtsma, TW Arnold, AJ Wensinck: EJ Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 , Brill 1993 p. 274 ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4 at GoogleBooks
27. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 413, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
28. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 429, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
29. ↑ Friedrich Hild , Stadia and Tracheia in Karien, in: I. Ševčenko (ed.), AETOS: studies in honor of Cyril Mango; presented to him on April 14, 1998 (Stuttgart 1998) 236
30. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 238, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
31. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 177, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
32. ↑ Urbain Vermeulen, J. van Steenbergen: Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk eras IV . Peeters Publishers, 2005 ISBN 978-90-429-1524-4 p. 233 at GoogleBooks
33. ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 442, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
34. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 512, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
35. ↑ Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle
36. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 146, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
37. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 494, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
38. ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 148, ISBN 3-426-26293-2