List of castles and fortresses in Turkey
The list of castles, palaces and fortresses in Turkey includes a selection of castles and fortresses in Turkey , with the exception of Istanbul Province . The buildings there are included in the list of castles, fortresses and palaces in Istanbul .
The list contains city fortifications, fortified individual buildings, building complexes and parts of cities. Also listed - fortified or unfortified - rulers' seats as well as residences of members of the government, princes and governors.
historical overview
The area of today's Turkey has been inhabited, ruled or traversed by numerous peoples and empires who left fortresses and rulers' seats. The oldest known city fortification is the citadel in the second layer of Troy from the first half of the third millennium BC. BC, whose builders are not known in detail. After that, buildings possibly built by the Hurrians , certainly the Luwians and Hittites , mostly walled city centers, which both contained the residences of the rulers and also served as a refuge for the population in case of danger. The acropolis of the Phrygians , Lydians , Urartians , Greeks and Romans that followed served similar purposes . A large part of it already has the character of medieval castles, such as the Byzantine buildings that were built from the fifth century onwards . The crusaders who passed through after the turn of the millennium took over existing fortresses, but also built new ones. The same applies to the Armenians and Seljuks , who came to Anatolia around the same time , and to their successors, the Ottomans . During this time, rulers' seats were built, the main purpose of which was not defense, but representation, right up to magnificent palaces.
Explanation of the list
- Image : Displays a picture of the building when possible.
- Name : Name of the building, if applicable, alternative name
- Location : Indicates the town / district in which the building is located.
- Province : Shows the province in which the building is located.
- Coordinates : Indicates the geographic coordinate.
- Year : Shows the year of manufacture.
- Builder : Shows the builder.
- Remarks : Contains remarks about the building.
Note: The list can be sorted: clicking on a column header sorts the list according to this column, clicking twice reverses the sorting. Any desired combination can be achieved by clicking two columns in a row.
The sorting in the Builder column is not alphabetical by name, but rather chronologically by epoch.
image | Surname |
location |
province |
Coordinates |
year |
builder |
Remarks
|
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Citadel of Afyonkarahisar , Afyon |
Afyonkarahisar | Afyonkarahisar | 38 ° 45 '24.4 " N , 30 ° 31' 54.7" E | Middle of the 2nd millennium BC Chr. | Hittite | probablyFortress was considerably expanded by the Rum Seljuks under Alaeddin Keykubad I in the 13th century | |
Ağartı Kalesı Ayanis, Rusahinili Eidorukai |
Ağarti / Van | Van | 38 ° 42 ′ 31 ″ N , 43 ° 12 ′ 42 ″ E | 7th century BC Chr. | Rusa II. | ||
Alanya Kalesi | Alanya | Antalya | 36 ° 31 ′ 59 ″ N , 31 ° 59 ′ 27 ″ E | 2nd century BC Chr. | ruler Diodotos Tryphon | Seleucidin the 13th century. under Rum Seljuks rebuilt | |
Alara Kalesi | Alanya | Antalya | 36 ° 41 ′ 55 " N , 31 ° 43 ′ 46" E | Byzantines | Conquered in 1232 by the Seljuq ruler Kai Kobad I. | ||
Altıntepe | Üzümlü | Erzincan | 39 ° 41 ′ 48 " N , 39 ° 38 ′ 48" E | early 1st millennium BC Chr. | Urartians | ||
Amasra İç Kale |
Citadel of Amasra | Bartın | 41 ° 44 ′ 58 " N , 32 ° 23 ′ 19" E | Byzantines | expanded by Genoese | ||
Amasya Citadel Amaseia |
Amasya | Amasya | 40 ° 39 ′ 20 " N , 35 ° 49 ′ 37" E | late 1st millennium BC Chr. | Kingdom of Pontus | probablySince Mithridates II. Residence of the Pontic kings, today's remains of Ottoman origin |
|
Amouda Amuda, Amutay, Hemite Kalesi |
Gökçedam / Osmaniye | Osmaniye | 37 ° 11 '19 " N , 36 ° 5' 40" E | Conquered by Thoros II in 1145, handed over
to the Teutonic Knights by Leo II in 1212 |
|||
Anahşa Anakşan, Alakşan, Rodentos |
Cilicia southeast of Pozantı | Adana | 37 ° 23 ′ 32 " N , 34 ° 54 ′ 16" E | Byzantines | Frankish name Butrentum, Arabic name Hisn Assakaliba | ||
Anazarba Anavarza, Anazarbos, Ain Zarba |
Acropolis of Dilekkaya / Kozan | Adana | 37 ° 15 ′ 50 " N , 35 ° 54 ′ 20" E | unknown | Hittites | possiblyBurgberg already settled in prehistoric times. Until 1184 capital of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia |
|
Ankara Akkale Citadel |
Ankara | Ankara | 39 ° 56 '20.5 " N , 32 ° 51' 55.5" E | around 270 BC Chr. | Tecto sagas ( Galatians who immigrated from Pontus ) | Presumably the location of a fortress in Hittite times. | |
Antioch ad Cragum Antioch at Kragos |
Citadel of Güneyköy / Gazipaşa | Antalya | 36 ° 9 ′ 23 " N , 32 ° 24 ′ 54" E | 1st century AD | Antiochus III. or Antiochus IV by Kommagene | Acropolis and Citadel | |
Arabkir, Arabrakes |
Fortress of Arapgir Arapgir / Arapgir District | Malatya | Seljuks | ||||
Ardanuç Gevhernik Kale |
Fortress of Ardanuç | Artvin | 41 ° 7 ′ 38 " N , 42 ° 3 ′ 18" E | 575 | Bagrationi dynasty of Tao-Klardschetien | Georgian||
Artvin Castle | Artvin | Artvin | 41 ° 11 ′ 18 " N , 41 ° 49 ′ 28" E | 937 | |||
Asguras | Cilicia, north of the Cilician Gate | Seat of the Nathanaeler family | |||||
Assos Behramkale |
Acropolis of Behramkale / Ayvacık | Çanakkale | 39 ° 29 ′ 26 ″ N , 26 ° 20 ′ 13 ″ E | 3rd century BC Chr. | Greeks | In the 9th – 7th Century BC Chr. Of Aioliern from Lesbos populated city fortifications under Attalids built, possibly on earlier foundations |
|
Ayas Kalesi Aias, Ajazzo, Lajazzo |
Yumurtalık | Adana | 36 ° 46 ′ 9 " N , 35 ° 47 ′ 48" E | Kingdom of Lesser Armenia | At the site of the ancient Aigeai, consisting of a land and sea castle, formerly connected with dams |
||
Azgit Kalesi | Andırın | Kahramanmaraş | 37 ° 36 ′ 34 " N , 36 ° 22 ′ 56" E | between Vahka and Sarventikar | |||
Babakale |
Babakale / Ayvacık | Çanakkale | 39 ° 28 '46 " N , 26 ° 3' 52" E | 1725 | Ahmet III. | Mustafa Pasha, a vizier of SultanThe last Ottoman fortress built in Turkey The westernmost point of mainland Anatolian |
|
Baghras , Bakraskale, Bağras |
Ötençay / Belen | Hatay | 36 ° 25 ′ 37 ″ N , 36 ° 13 ′ 30 ″ E | around 1100 | Crusader ( templar ) | Conquered by Saladin in 1188 , then in Armenian and Mameluk possession | |
Barbaron Çandır Kalesi, Paperon |
Çandır / Mersin | Mersin | 37 ° 1 ′ 13 ″ N , 34 ° 36 ′ 56 ″ E |
Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Hethumids |
|||
Bayburt Castle | Bayburt | Bayburt | 40 ° 15 ′ 52 " N , 40 ° 13 ′ 46" E | Bagratids ? | Iron Age fragments point to a previous Urartian building. | ||
Birecik Birtha, al-Bīrā البيرا, Bile |
Fortress of Birecik | Şanlıurfa | 37 ° 1 ′ 55 " N , 37 ° 58 ′ 47" E | unknown | unknown | Already in Roman times location of a fortress. Oldest inscription (restoration) from around 1200 |
|
Bodrum Kalesi at Hierapolis Kastabala | Kesmeburun / Osmaniye | Osmaniye | 37 ° 10 ′ 39 " N , 36 ° 11 ′ 16" E | Kingdom of Lesser Armenia | |||
Boyabat Castle Boyabat Kalesi |
Boyabat | Sinop | 41 ° 27 ′ 58 " N , 34 ° 45 ′ 42" E | 7th century BC Chr. | probably Greek settlers | rebuilt by the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans | |
Bozcaada Bozcaada Kalesi, Tenedos |
Fortress of Bozcaada | Çanakkale | 39 ° 50 ′ 11 " N , 26 ° 4 ′ 23" E | 15th century | Mehmet II | Previous buildings under Byzantine , Genoese and Venetian rule | |
Bursa fortress Bursa Kalesi |
Bursa | Bursa | 40 ° 11 '11 " N , 29 ° 3' 30" E | 2nd century BC Chr. | Prusias I. | many times rebuilt, in the 14th century residence of Sultan Orhan I. | |
Büyükkale Citadel of Hattuša |
Boğazkale | Çorum | 40 ° 0 ′ 57.3 " N , 34 ° 37 ′ 12.5" E | 16th century BC Chr. | Labarna I , Hittite king | Capital of the Hittite Empire | |
Çandarlı fortress |
Çandarlı / Dikili | İzmir | 38 ° 56 ′ 2 ″ N , 26 ° 56 ′ 1 ″ E | around 1300 | Genoese | ||
Çavuştepe Šarduriḫinili |
Çavuştepe / Gürpınar | Van | 38 ° 21 '16 " N , 43 ° 27' 46" E | 764-735 BC Chr. | Sarduri II , Urartian king | ||
Çeşme | Fortress ofÇeşme | Izmir | 38 ° 19 ′ 25 ″ N , 26 ° 18 ′ 13 ″ E | 14th century | Genoese | rebuilt by the Ottomans, today an archaeological museum |
|
Çimenlik Kalesi Çanakkale Kalesi, Boğaz Hisarı |
Çanakkale | Çanakkale | 40 ° 8 ′ 47 " N , 26 ° 23 ′ 57" E | 1452 | Mehmed II | Sultan||
Citadel of Çorum Çorum Kalesi |
Çorum | Çorum | 40 ° 32 '44 " N , 34 ° 57' 26" E | unknown | probably Seljuks | Visited and described by Evliya Çelebi in 1647 | |
Cursat Qalaat al-Zau, قلعة الذو, Castrum Patriarchae, Kozkalesi, Kurşat Kalesi |
Kozkalesi / Altınözü | Hatay | 36 ° 5 ′ 46 ″ N , 36 ° 12 ′ 3 ″ E | unknown | Conquered in 1133 by the Crusader King Fulk , later owned by the Patriarch of Antioch |
||
Divriği Fortress | Divriği | Sivas | 39 ° 22 ′ 31 ″ N , 38 ° 7 ′ 21 ″ E | unknown | probably Byzantines | Restored in 1236 and 1252 by the Mengücek dynasty | |
Diyarbakır City Walls | Diyarbakır | Diyarbakır | 37 ° 54 ′ 39 ″ N , 40 ° 14 ′ 12 ″ E | 4th century | Constantius II , Byzantine emperor | 5.5 km in circumference, up to 5 m thick. The citadel (Iç Kale) in the northeast, perhaps on Hurrian foundations |
|
Erzurum Fortress | Erzurum | Erzurum | 39 ° 54 ′ 28 " N , 41 ° 16 ′ 37" E | 4th century | Theodosius I , Byzantine emperor | later rebuilt and expanded several times | |
Eskihisar | Gebze | Kocaeli | 40 ° 46 '16.3 " N , 29 ° 25' 53.6" E | 12th century | Manuel I. Komnenos , Byzantine emperor | ||
Gaban Give Kalesi |
Give / Andırın | Kahramanmaraş | 37 ° 48 ′ 52 " N , 36 ° 24 ′ 30" E | Last refuge of the last Armenian King Leon VI. fell before the Mamlucken, 1375 | |||
Gaziantep Citadel | Gaziantep | Gaziantep | 37 ° 3 ′ 59 " N , 37 ° 23 ′ 0" E | 6th century | Justinian I. | Later construction by the Seljuks | |
Gobidara Kosidar, Colidara |
north of Kozan | Adana |
Rubenids |
Kingdom of Lesser Armenia ||||
Gökvelioğlu Kalesi Vaner Kalesi |
Güveloğlu / Yüreğir | Adana | 36 ° 50 ′ 41 ″ N , 35 ° 36 ′ 30 ″ E | Byzantines | Rebuilt by Armenians | ||
Gordion | Acropolis ofYassıhüyük / Polatlı | Ankara | 39 ° 38 ′ 41 ″ N , 31 ° 59 ′ 35 ″ E | 8th century BC Chr. | Phrygians | Settlement as early as the 3rd millennium BC Chr. | |
Gülek Kalesi | Gülek / Tarsus | Mersin | 37 ° 16 '12 " N , 34 ° 47' 26" E | 12th century | Kingdom of Lesser Armenia | Monitored the Cilician Gate, probably a Byzantine predecessor building |
|
Hamus Ḥumaymiṣ, Çardak Kalesi |
Cilicia, southeast of Osmaniye | Osmaniye | 37 ° 4 ′ 29 ″ N , 36 ° 19 ′ 7 ″ E | Seat of the Byzantine governor Andronikos captured by Mamluks in 1298 |
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Harput Süt Kalesi (German: Milchfestung) , İç Kale |
Castle of Elazığ | Elazığ | 38 ° 42 ′ 11 " N , 39 ° 15 ′ 27" E | early 1st millennium BC Chr. | Urartians | renewed by Romans, Byzantines and Arabs | |
Harunia Haruniye, Harun Reşit Kalesi |
Haruniye / Düziçi | Osmaniye | 37 ° 15 ′ 29 " N , 36 ° 28 ′ 55" E | 1236 to the Teutonic Knights | |||
Hasankale | Pasinler | Erzurum | 39 ° 58 ′ 44 " N , 41 ° 40 ′ 53" E | 9./8. Century BC Chr. | Menua | A Urartian inscription was found on the fortress | |
Hasankeyf fortress | Hasankeyf | Batman | 37 ° 42 ′ 41 ″ N , 41 ° 24 ′ 39 ″ E | 4th century | Byzantines | ||
Hisaronu fortress | Marmaris / Hisaronu | Muğla | 36 ° 47 '43.1 " N , 28 ° 8' 7.3" E | Byzantines | Citadel with double walls, built on the acropolis of ancient Bybasso, which dates back to archaic times | ||
Hoşap | Güzelsu | Van | 38 ° 19 ′ 1 ″ N , 43 ° 48 ′ 6 ″ E | 1643 | Mahmudi Süleyman, Kurdish prince | ||
Hurman Kalesi | North of Afşin | Kahramanmaraş | 38 ° 28 '29.1 " N , 36 ° 50' 8.7" E | Byzantine Empire | unknown | built perhaps in Roman times, rebuilt in 911 by the Seljuks and 17th / 18th. Century of Ottomans | |
Ishak Pasha Palace |
near Dogubeyazıt | Ağrı | 39 ° 31 '14.1 " N , 44 ° 7' 44.1" E | 1685-1784 | Çolak Abdi Pasha, İshak Pasha II. | Previously the location of castles of the Urartians, Seljuks and Ottomans | |
İskilip Citadel | İskilip | Çorum | 40 ° 44 ′ 9 " N , 34 ° 28 ′ 25.9" E | ||||
İspir Castle |
İspir | Erzurum | 40 ° 29 ′ 0 ″ N , 40 ° 59 ′ 41 ″ E | 12./13. Century | Ilkhan dynasty | MongolianRestored by Suleyman I in the 16th century | |
Kadifekale , Pagos |
İzmir | İzmir | 38 ° 24 '49.6 " N , 27 ° 8' 42.6" E | 4th century BC Chr. | Lysimachus | ||
Kaleköy Castle , Simena |
Kalekoy , Simena |
Antalya | 36 ° 11 '28.1 " N , 29 ° 51' 43.3" E | middle Ages | |||
Karaman Citadel , Karaman Kalesi |
Karaman | Karaman | 37 ° 10 ′ 55 " N , 33 ° 12 ′ 22" E | 12th century | Seljuks | Probably on Hittite foundations, restored several times | |
Karasis | Kozan | Adana | 37 ° 33 '8 " N , 35 ° 51' 57" E | around 200 BC Chr. | Seleucids | The identity with the ancient Kyinda cannot yet be proven. | |
Karatepe-Arslantaş Azatiwataya |
Kadirli | Osmaniye | 37 ° 17 ′ 44 " N , 36 ° 15 ′ 13" E | 8th century BC Chr. | Luwian king | Azatiwataš, lateAzatiwataš royal residence | |
Citadel of Kars | Kars | Kars | 40 ° 36 '53 " N , 43 ° 5' 25" E | Built in 1152 | Saltukids | ||
Castamon, Castra Comneni |
Citadel of Kastamonu Kastamonu | Kastamonu | 41 ° 22 ′ 29 ″ N , 33 ° 46 ′ 10 ″ E | 12th century | Komnenen | ||
Kayseri | Citadel ofKayseri | Kayseri | 38 ° 43 ′ 16 " N , 35 ° 29 ′ 20" E | 6th century | Byzantines | rebuilt by the Seljuks | |
Kilitbahir | Eceabat | Çanakkale | 40 ° 8 '53.1 " N , 26 ° 22' 47.3" E | late 15th century | Mehmed II | ||
Korykos Castle |
Kızkalesi / Erdemli | Mersin | 36 ° 27 ′ 49 ″ N , 34 ° 9 ′ 2 ″ E | 12th century |
Rubenids |
Kingdom of Lesser Armenia Originally probably connected to the associated island fortress Kızkalesi ( Girls Castle ) via a pier . | |
Kozan Sis, Sisium, Sision, Flaviopolis |
Citadel of Kozan | Adana | 37 ° 26 ′ 48 " N , 35 ° 48 ′ 42" E | Byzantines | Rebuilt by Caliph al-Mutawakkil (846–861), capital of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia in 1375 under Leon VI. fallen in mommies |
||
Kurşunlu Kalesi Andinata |
Kursunlu | Çankırı | 40 ° 50 ′ 14.6 " N , 33 ° 15 ′ 22.5" E | unknown | probably Byzantines | ||
Kuşadası Castle Scala Nova |
Kuşadası | Aydın | 37 ° 51 '49 " N , 27 ° 14' 52" E | 13th century | Genoese | rebuilt in the 15th century by the Ottomans | |
Kütahya Hisarı |
Kütahya Kalesi Kutahya | Kutahya | 39 ° 25 ′ 9 ″ N , 29 ° 58 ′ 16 ″ E | Byzantine period | Byzantines | expanded in the 14th century by the Germiyano ğulları | |
Kybistra Herakleia Kybistra, Tont Kalesi |
Castle of Gökçeyazı / Ereğli | Konya | 37 ° 27 '59 " N , 34 ° 10' 14" E | Byzantine period | Byzantines | Conquered by Arabs in 806 , later crusaders , Rum Seljuks , Lesser Armenia, destroyed by Mongols in the middle of the 13th century
|
|
Lambron Les Embruns, Namrun, Lamprun, Çamlıyayla Kalesi |
Çamlıyayla | Mersin | 37 ° 10 ′ 4 " N , 34 ° 36 ′ 12" E | unknown | probably Byzantines | Predecessor buildings likely, but not proven, later in Mameluke hands. Guard the Cilician Gate |
|
Lamos Kalesi | Limonlu / Erdemli | Mersin | 36 ° 33 ′ 26 " N , 34 ° 14 ′ 28" E | roman time | unknown | Greatly changed in early Ottoman times, no Byzantine remains | |
Liman Kalesi | 7 km west of Taşucu / Silifke | Mersin | 36 ° 16 ′ 42 " N , 33 ° 50 ′ 8" E | 16th Century | Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha | in the 17th century pirate fortress | |
Girls Castle Kız Kalesi |
Kızkalesi / Erdemli | Mersin | 36 ° 27 '24.5 " N , 34 ° 8' 53" E | 1104 | admiral | Eustathios, ByzantineOriginally probably connected to the Korykos country castle belonging to it via a pier . | |
Mamure Kalesi | Anamur | Mersin | 36 ° 4 ′ 52 " N , 32 ° 53 ′ 40" E | 3rd century | Romans | Later renewed by or owned by the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia , the Beylik Karaman , the Ottoman Empire . | |
Mancınıkkale | Kızılısalı / Silifke | Mersin | 36 ° 30 '53 " N , 34 ° 3' 24" E | 3rd - 2nd century BC Chr. | Hellenism | ||
Mardin Merde, Mardia |
Citadel of Mardin | Mardin | 37 ° 19 ′ 2 " N , 40 ° 44 ′ 41" E | probably Romans | First mentioned as Maride Fortress by Ammianus Marcellinus , 640 conquered by Muslims up to the 15th century ( Aq Qoyunlu ), rebuilt and expanded several times |
||
Marmaris Castle | Marmaris | Muğla | 36 ° 51 ′ 2 " N , 28 ° 16 ′ 28" E | 1522 | Suleyman the Magnificent | ||
Meydancıkkale , antique possibly Kiršu | Emirhacı / Gülnar | Mersin | 36 ° 16 ′ 24 " N , 33 ° 26 ′ 28" E | 6th century BC Chr. | In the 6th century BC Destroyed by the neo-Babylonian ruler Neriglissar , seat of a governor in the Achaemenid Empire , used until the early Christian and Byzantine times. | ||
Midas City Midas Şehri |
Acropolis of Yazılıkaya / Han | Eskişehir | 39 ° 12 ′ 6 " N , 30 ° 42 ′ 51" E | around 1000 BC Chr. | Phrygians | Religious center of the Phrygian Empire Probably already settled in Hittite times |
|
Fortress of Mut Mut Kalesi |
courage | Mersin | 36 ° 38 ′ 40 " N , 33 ° 26 ′ 2" E | Byzantines | Rebuilt by the Karamanids in the 14th century | ||
Niğde Citadel , Niğde Kalesi |
Niğde | Niğde | 37 ° 58 ′ 6 " N , 34 ° 40 ′ 47" E | 1st third of the 13th century | Alaeddin Keykubad | Alaeddin Mosque and clock tower within the fortress walls | |
Orhaniye Castle | Orhaniye Mahallesi / Marmaris | Muğla | 36 ° 45 ′ 41.8 " N , 28 ° 7 ′ 31.3" E | Byzantines | Multi-part castle complex, only accessible by boat. Probably the Castello di Marmora mentioned in the portulans | ||
Osmancık Kalesi, Kandiber Kalesi |
Osmancık | Çorum | 40 ° 58 ′ 22 " N , 34 ° 48 ′ 10" E | unknown | Seljuks on a previous Roman building | ||
Partzapert Partzerpert, Bardzabert, Barṣ Bīt |
Cilicia, northeast of Kozan exact location not known |
Rubenid since Thoros II. | |||||
Payas Castle | Yakacık / Dörtyol | Hatay | 36 ° 45 ′ 16 ″ N , 36 ° 12 ′ 9 ″ E | 13th century | Crusader | ||
Pergamon | Acropolis ofBergama | İzmir | 39 ° 8 ′ 1 ″ N , 27 ° 11 ′ 0 ″ E | 3rd century BC Chr. | Attalids | ||
Pertek Fortress , Pertek Kalesi |
Pertek | Tunceli | 38 ° 50 ′ 40 ″ N , 39 ° 16 ′ 18 ″ E | 1367 | Seljuks | possibly rebuilt by Ottomans on older foundations |
|
Pinara | Acropolis ofMinare / Fethiye | Muğla | 36 ° 29 ′ 25 ″ N , 29 ° 15 ′ 15 ″ E | unknown | Lycians | Place probably already settled in Hittite times | |
Priene | Acropolis ofGüllübahçe / Söke | Aydın | 37 ° 39 '54 " N , 27 ° 17' 39" E | 4th century BC Chr. | Greek settlers | ||
Rize Castle Rize Kalesi |
Rize | Rize | 41 ° 1 ′ 28 " N , 40 ° 30 ′ 33" E | middle Ages | Genoese | ||
Rum Kalesi Hromkla |
Halfeti | Şanlıurfa | 37 ° 16 '14.8 " N , 37 ° 50' 16.5" E | 12th century | Armenians | 1150–1292 Seat of the Armenian Catholicos conquered by the Mamlukes in 1292 as one of the last Christian retreats . State prison in Ottoman times |
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Citadel of Sanliurfa Edessa |
Şanlıurfa | Şanlıurfa | 37 ° 8 ′ 44 " N , 38 ° 47 ′ 2" E | unknown | Crusaders | built on older foundations According to legend, after the location of the palace of Nimrod |
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Sardis , Sardis, Sart |
Castle of Sardis | Manisa | 38 ° 28 ′ 32.8 " N , 28 ° 2 ′ 37.7" E | early 1st millennium BC Chr. | Lyder | ||
Sarventikar Serventikar, Savranda Kalesi, Sarovantari, Savouran Kale |
Kalecik | Osmaniye | 37 ° 8 ′ 56 " N , 36 ° 27 ′ 33" E | unknown | Lesser Armenia | possiblyServed the defense of the kingdom of Lesser Armenia to the east. Fallen in 1337 to the Mameluks. |
|
Selçuk Ayasoluk Citadel |
Selçuk | İzmir | 37 ° 57 ′ 20 ″ N , 27 ° 22 ′ 5 ″ E | around 6th century | Byzantines | Location of the first settlement of Ephesus , perhaps identical to the Hittite Apasa. Expanded by Seljuks |
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Selimiye Köyü Castle | Marmaris / Selimiye Köyü | Muğla | 36 ° 42 '5.4 " N , 28 ° 6' 7.2" E | unknown | Byzantines | Multi-room castle complex on a high rock | |
Citadel of Silifke Seleukia on Kalykadnos Gomardias (poor.), Camardesium (lat.) |
Silifke | Mersin | 36 ° 22 '35.9 " N , 33 ° 54' 56.2" E | unknown | Byzantines | on the site of an ancient acropolis | |
Sillyon | Acropolis ofSerik | Antalya | 36 ° 59 ′ 35 " N , 30 ° 59 ′ 20" E | unknown | Greek settlers | First mention of the place in the 5th century BC. Chr. | |
Korsan Kalesi in the Bahçeli Mahallesi of Marmaris / Söğütköy | Marmaris / Söğütköy | Muğla | 36 ° 39 ′ 28 " N , 28 ° 8 ′ 3.2" E | unknown | probably Byzantines | Fence with battlements and a tower; inside a cistern | |
St. Peter | Bodrum | Muğla | 37 ° 1 '54.3 " N , 27 ° 25' 45.6" E | 1420 | Crusader (Johanniter) | Ottoman from 1523, used as a place of exile until the 20th century | |
Sultantepe | Şanlıurfa | Şanlıurfa | 37 ° 3 ′ 1 ″ N , 38 ° 54 ′ 22 ″ E | 7th century BC Chr. | Assyrians | Location of a stele of the moon god Sin | |
Tachikk'ar Tajikikar, Tajikkar |
Cilicia | 1159 Refuge of Thoros II during the attack by Manuel I on Lesser Armenia | |||||
Tapikka Maşat Hüyük |
Yalınyazı / Zile | Tokat | 40 ° 8 ′ 54 " N , 35 ° 45 ′ 44" E | early 2nd millennium BC Chr. | Hittites | Hittite palace complex and citadel | |
Tilbeşar Seraser Hisar, Seleser Hisar, Kızıl Hisar, Turbessel |
Gündoğan, Oğuzeli | Gaziantep | 36 ° 52 ′ 27 ″ N , 37 ° 33 ′ 32 ″ E | unknown | unknown | Settled as early as the Halaf period. Conquered by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1097 . Destroyed by Mongols in 1263 |
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Tlos Tlawa Castle , Dalawa |
Düğer / Fethiye | Muğla | 36 ° 33 ′ 17 " N , 29 ° 25 ′ 7" E | unknown | Lycians | Existing Byzantine castle ruins, rebuilt by Kanlı Ali Ağa, who was considered a robber, origin of the city possibly Hittite |
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Tokmar Kalesi Castellum Novum |
Akdere, Silifke | Mersin | 36 ° 15 ′ 23 " N , 33 ° 46 ′ 14" E | 12th century | probably Kingdom of Lesser Armenia | probably identical with the little Armenian Norpert | |
Toprakkale Rusaḫinili |
Van | Van | 38 ° 31 '14 " N , 43 ° 24' 14" E | 7th century BC Chr. | Rusa II , King of Urartu | Next to Tušpa, the residence of the Urartian kings | |
Toprakkale Til Hamdoun |
Toprakkale | Osmaniye | 37 ° 3 ′ 1 ″ N , 36 ° 8 ′ 12 ″ E | unknown | Byzantines | expanded by crusaders and Armenians in the 12th century | |
Trabzon Trebizond, Trebizond |
Citadel of Trabzon | Trabzon | 41 ° 0 ′ 10 " N , 39 ° 43 ′ 11" E | probably Byzantines | Expanded by Alexios II in 1324 | ||
Troy Troy, Ilion, Wilusa (?), Truva |
Tevfikiye / Çanakkale | Çanakkale | 39 ° 57 ′ 26 ″ N , 26 ° 14 ′ 19 ″ E | Beginning of the 3rd millennium BC Chr. | Bronze Age settlers | probably identical to the Hittite Wilusa , settled since 4800 BC BC to Byzantine times |
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Vahka , Vahka, Wahga | Feke | Adana | 37 ° 51 ′ 37 " N , 35 ° 57 ′ 6" E | unknown | Byzantines | Conquered by Rubenids in the 11th century. Later fell to Mameluks |
|
Van Kalesi, Tušpa |
Van | Van | 38 ° 30 ′ 10 ″ N , 43 ° 20 ′ 20 ″ E | 840-825 BC Chr. | Sarduri I of Bianili | Capital of Urartu | |
Yenicals | Arsameia on Nymphaios near Eski Kahta / Kâhta | Adıyaman | 37 ° 56 '53.1 " N , 38 ° 39' 11.2" E | 13th century | Mameluks | Originally the palace building of the Kommagenischen rulers, a later building was destroyed in 1286, then the current one followed. | |
Yeniyurt Kalesi | Yeniyurt / Erdemli | Mersin | 36 ° 37 ′ 33 " N , 34 ° 7 ′ 47" E | 3rd century BC Chr. | Seleucids | Hellenistic fortification walls with settlement from the Roman-Early Byzantine period | |
Yılankale Yılanlıkale, Sahmirankale |
Cilicia, west of Ceyhan | Adana | 37 ° 0 ′ 52 " N , 35 ° 44 ′ 52" E | 12-13 Century | Leo II , Armenian king | According to legend, built by the contortionist Meran (Yılan Turkish for snake) | |
Zivin Kalesi | Süngütaşı near Horasan , Sarıkamış District | Kars | 40 ° 13 ′ 59 ″ N , 42 ° 16 ′ 7 ″ E | early 1st millennium BC Chr. | Urartians | Modifications by the Seljuks and Ottomans |
literature
- Kristian Molin: Unknown crusader castles . Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85285-261-0 ( GoogleBooks ).
- Hansgerd Hellenkemper : Castles of the Crusader Age in the county of Edessa and in the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia In: Geographica Historica 1 Habelt, Bonn 1976 ISBN 377491205X
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 54, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ^ David Nicolle: Adam Hook: Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191-1571 , Volume 59 by Fortress Series, Osprey Publishing, 2007 ISBN 978-1-84176-976-9 at GoogleBooks
- ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 73, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
- ↑ Amudah
- ↑ John Bagnell Bury : History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: AD 802-867 Cosimo, 2008, ISBN 978-1-60520-421-5 , p. 246, GoogleBooks
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 72, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 112, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
- ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism
- ↑ Mersin Il kältür ve Turizm müdürlügü
- ↑ Boyabat website (Turkish)
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 177 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 143 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ↑ Evliya Çelebi, Korkut M. Buğday: Evliya Celebis Anatolienreise . Brill 1996 p. 283 ISBN 9789004104457 on GoogleBooks
- ↑ Cursat
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 746 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ↑ GÖKVELIOĞLU CASTLE / VANER KALESI / VANERIUM CALESI
- ↑ Al-Yūnīnī's Dhayl Mirʼāt al-zamān: Early Mamluk Syrian historiography Volume 1. Brill 1998 p. 103 ISBN 978-90-04-11028-1 on GoogleBooks
- ↑ Claudia Sagona et al. a. Archeology at the north-east Anatolian frontier, I. Peeters 2004, p. 57 at GoogleBooks
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 250 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ↑ Sights and sights in Karaman
- ^ John Freely : The western shores of Turkey. Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2004 p. 15 ISBN 978-1-85043-618-8 at GoogleBooks
- ↑ VF Buchner: Sis. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Vol. 9, Brill, Leiden, p. 678.
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 280 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ^ Michael Bussmann, Gabriele Tröger: Turkey . Michael Müller Verlag, 2004, p. 593 ISBN 3-89953-125-6
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 200, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ^ M Th Houtsma, TW Arnold, AJ Wensinck: EJ Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 , Brill 1993 p. 274 ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4 at GoogleBooks
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 413, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 429, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Friedrich Hild , Stadia and Tracheia in Karien, in: I. Ševčenko (ed.), AETOS: studies in honor of Cyril Mango; presented to him on April 14, 1998 (Stuttgart 1998) 236
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 238, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 177, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Urbain Vermeulen, J. van Steenbergen: Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk eras IV . Peeters Publishers, 2005 ISBN 978-90-429-1524-4 p. 233 at GoogleBooks
- ↑ Gernot Lang: Classical Ancient Sites of Anatolia . Books on Demand, 2003, p. 442, ISBN 3-8330-0068-6 , GoogleBooks
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 512, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 146, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 494, ISBN 3-426-26293-2
- ↑ Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaurs Kulturführer in Farbe Turkey . Droemer-Knaur 1987, p. 148, ISBN 3-426-26293-2