Tunceli (province)

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Tunceli
Province number: 62
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Counties
Tunceli location districts.png
Basic data
Coordinates: 39 ° 13 '  N , 39 ° 28'  E Coordinates: 39 ° 13 '  N , 39 ° 28'  E
Provincial capital: Tunceli
Region: Eastern Anatolia
Surface: 7,583 km²
Population: 88,198 (2019)
Population density: 11.6 inhabitants / km²
Political
Governor: Tuncay Sonel
Seats in Parliament: 2
Structural
Telephone code: 0428
Features : 62
Website
www.tunceli.gov.tr (Turkish / Zazaisch)

Tunceli ( Ottoman Dersim , Zazaisch Dêsım , Kurdish Dêrsim , Armenian Դերսիմը Dersimy) is the second smallest province in Turkey with the capital of the same name . It is best known for the Dersim uprising . The former name of this province was Dersim .

geography

The province of Tunceli is located in the Turkish region of Eastern Anatolia and has an area of ​​approx. 7,800 km². It lies between the headwaters of the Euphrates , the Karasu in the north and the Murat in the south, which is dammed up at this point to form the Keban reservoir . In the west and north of the province lies the Erzincan province , in the east the province Bingöl and in the south the province Elâzığ . In the north the Munzur / Mercan Dağları and in the area of Pülümür the Karasu form the border, in the southeast the river Peri Çayı and in the south the Keban reservoir. The mountain Munzur ( Koyê Munzıri ) is the symbol of Tunceli. The provincial capital Tunceli is located exactly where Munzur Çayı, coming from the northwest, and its tributary Pülümür Çayı (69 km long), coming from the northeast, meet. The Munzur River has a total length of about 144 km and flows into the Keban Reservoir. The river water used to be so clean that the locals used it as drinking water.

Mountains and mountain ranges make up around 70% of the area, which makes the province a very mountainous area. Here, the northernmost foothills of the East Taurus Mountains run from west to east. The barely forested Munzur / Mercan Dağları mountain range in the north of Tunceli reaches heights of over 3300 meters. In the highest areas there is still snow in summer.

Towards the south the mountains become lower and more forested. Forest cover is particularly widespread in the river valleys. Tunceli was originally much more forested. In Anatolia Tunceli is one of the most forested regions next to Iğdır and Rize . High plains make up 25% of Tuncelis, while the remaining 5% is made up of lowlands.

The Tunceli region has a continental climate. Summertime is hot and dry, winter is cold and very snowy. In Pertek and Mazgirt , the climate is a bit milder, which is due to the Keban Dam built in the 1960s . The seasons with the most rainfall are spring and winter. In the high mountains it starts to snow very early.

Administrative division

Counties

The province is divided into eight districts (also districts, İlçe ). There are also 9 municipalities ( Belediye ) and 364 villages ( Köy ).

district Area 1
(km²) 		Population (2018) 2 Number of Units Density
(Ew / km²) 		urban
share (in%) 		Sex
ratio 3 		Name in
Zazaki
District ( İlçe ) Administrative headquarters
(Merkez) 		Municipalities
(Belediye) 		City
quarter
(Mahalle) 		Villages
(Köy)
Çemişgezek 851 8,347 3,506 1 7th 34 9.8 42.00 908 Süke
Hozat 663 6,891 4,554 1 4th 28 10.4 66.09 569 Xozat 5
Mazgirt 702 8,430 1516 2 10 68 12.0 44.19 813 Mazgerd 6
Merkez 1,128 38.504 33,515 1 8th 53 34.1 87.04 835 Mamekiye or Qalan
Nazımiye 543 3,599 1,515 1 1 25th 6.6 42.10 660 Qızılkilise
Ovacık 1,401 6,998 3.164 1 3 62 5.0 45.21 724 Pulur
Pertek 858 11,669 6,626 1 5 45 13.6 56.78 880 Day 7
Pülümür 1,437 3,760 1,464 1 5 49 2.6 38.94 646 Pılemoriye
PROVINCE of Tunceli 7,583 88.198 9 43 364 11.6 65.84 796

swell

1 Area 2014
2 Population update on December 31, 2018
3 Gender ratio : number of women per 1000 men (calculated)
4 PDF file of the Ministry of the Interior
5 Kurdish: Xozat
6 Kurdish: Mêzgır
7 Kurdish: Pêrtag

Cities

There are 9 cities ( Belediye ) in the province . The following table shows the population at the end of 2017 and the corresponding counties as well as the number of city quarters ( Mahalle ). The Turkish statistics rarely list the population of the cities, but rather that of the city districts (Mahalle). Cities in bold are the main towns ( Merkez ) of the districts.

code city in the district Number of
mahalls		 Population
2018
3769 Akpazar Mazgirt 8th 2,209
3761 Çemişgezek Çemişgezek 7th 3,506
3762 Hozat Hozat 4th 4,554
3763 Mazgirt Mazgirt 2 1,516
3766 Nazımiye Nazımiye 1 1,515
3767 Ovacık Ovacık 3 3.164
3760 Pertek Pertek 5 6,626
3764 Pülümür Pülümür 5 1,464
3765 Tunceli Merkez 8th 33,515

Villages

The 364 villages have a total of 30,129 inhabitants, an average of 83 inhabitants per village. This means that around 34 percent of the district's population comes from the villages. None of the provincial villages have more than 700 inhabitants. Burmageçit in the central district ( Merkez ) is the largest with 692, three villages have ten or fewer inhabitants. About a third (128) have more than the average (= 83) inhabitants.

population

The capital had around 33,000 inhabitants in 2004, currently (as of 2016) 82,193 people live in the province of Tunceli, at the beginning of the 1990s it was around 150,000. Between 1993 and 1995, many people were displaced from rural areas by the Turkish military . Tunceli is the province with the second lowest population in Turkey. As early as 2007, the majority of the population counted (64.7%) lived in cities and many of the villages were depopulated. This relationship is likely to have worsened. The province is very sparsely populated and has the lowest density of all Turkish provinces .

Most of the population speaks Zazaisch (or often called Dêsımki, Kirmancki, Zonê Ma, Şo-Bê). Kurmanji is mainly spoken in Mazgirt and Pertek .

Mostly Alevi Zazas and Alevi Kurds live in the province of Tunceli .

In the past, Armenians were more numerically represented, but since the 1915 genocide most of them have been expelled or murdered. On the other hand, many Armenians also found refuge in Tunceli.

Results of the population extrapolation

The following table shows the annual population development after updating by the addressable population register (ADNKS) introduced in 2007. In addition, the population growth rate and sex ratio are ( Sex Ratio listed ie number of women per 1,000 men). The 2011 census found 84,896 inhabitants, which is over 8,500 fewer than in the 2000 census.

year Population at the end of the year Population growth
rate (in%)

 Gender
ratio
(women per
1000 men) 		Rank
(among 81 provinces)
total male Female
2018 88.198 49,118 39,080 6.91 796 80
2017 82,498 45,781 36,717 0.37 802 80
2016 82.193 45.160 37,033 −4.51 820 81
2015 86,076 48.129 37,947 −0.52 788 80
2014 86,527 47,973 38,554 1.29 804 80
2013 85,428 47,639 37,789 −0.98 793 80
2012 86,276 49,998 36,278 1.43 726 80
2011 85,062 49,016 36,046 10.90 735 80
2010 76,699 40,658 36,041 −7.66 886 80
2009 83,061 47,290 35,771 −3.92 756 80
2008 86,449 49,709 36,740 2.89 739 80
2007 84.022 47,893 36,129 - 754 80
2000 93,584 54,529 39,055 716 81

Census results

The following tables show the population of the province of Tunceli documented in the 12 censuses .
The values ​​in the table on the left are taken from e-books (from the original documents), the values ​​in the table on the right come from the data query of the Turkish statistical institute TÜIK - available on this website:

year population rank
province Turkey
1940 94,639 17,820,950 59
1945 90,446 18,790,174 59
1950 105,759 20,947,188 60
1955 121,743 24,064,763 64
1960 140.068 27,754,820 64
1965 154.175 31,391,421 63
year population rank
province Turkey
1970 157.293 35.605.176 65
1975 164,591 40,347,719 65
1980 157.974 44,736,957 65
1985 151.906 50,664,458 67
1990 133.143 56.473.035 72
2000 93,584 67,803,927 81

Number of provinces in relation to the census years:

  • 1940 to 1950: 63 provinces
  • 1955: 67 provinces
  • 1960 to 1985: 73 provinces
  • 1990: 73 provinces
  • 2000: 81 provinces

religion

Most of the residents of Tunceli are Alevis . In the Çemişgezek district, Sunnis are in the majority. In addition, there are isolated Sunni villages in the Pertek and Çemişgezek districts. All other districts are almost purely Alevi-Zazaian and Alevi-Kurdish.

history

The region has been settled since the late Neolithic or the Bronze Age and in the course of its history has often served as a border region between different domains: between the Hittites and the Hurrian kingdom of the Mittani in the 2nd millennium BC; between the Medes and the Persians of Cappadocia and between the Romans and the Parthians . In 639, Arabs conquered the region, which then became the bone of contention between the caliphs and the Byzantines . The Seljuks brought the area under their rule in 1087 until it came under Mongolian control in 1243 . In the 14th century the region between Eretna and Mutahharten, the ruler of Erzincan , was disputed. A century later, the Ottomans and the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu fought for supremacy. Sultan Mehmed II ("the Conqueror") defeated the leader of the Aq Qoyunlu Uzun Hasan in the battle of Otlukbeli in 1473 . As a result, the rule of the Aq Qoyunlu was eliminated by the Safavids , but the Ottomans under the sultans Selim I and Suleyman I pushed the Safavids back from Eastern Anatolia. The Kurdish tribal leaders could keep their possessions as hereditary fiefs. The principality of Çemişgezek was also one of these Kürt hükümetleri (Kurdish governments).

In the 19th century the region was converted to the Sanjak of Dersim with Hozat as its center and belonged to the Vilayet Mamuretül-Aziz , today's Elazığ . Between 1880 and 1888 Dersim was briefly an independent Vilâyet ( Vilâyet Dersim ). At that time, Dersim comprised 9 judicial districts and had 63,430 residents. The center of Hozat had 5,600 inhabitants.

The region was the scene of armed clashes and uprisings several times in the 20th century. After the Koçgiri uprising in 1921, Dersim was divided between the Vilayets Elazığ and Erzincan. In 1936 Dersim was transformed into an independent administrative unit. The former judicial district of Pah was selected as the center and renamed Tunceli. A year later, the Said Riza uprising broke out.

Dersim uprising

The location of Dersim Province in 1937

The Dersim uprising broke out in 1937 as a result of the increasing political and military encirclement of the region, after the region was renamed, placed under military administration and a state of emergency by the resettlement law with No. 2510 and the "Tunceli law". The tribes saw their traditional autonomy in danger. The uprising lasted until 1938. The leaders were caught and hanged. Serious massacres of the civilian population were committed during the clashes. According to official Turkish reports, ten percent of the then 65,000-70,000 residents of Dersim were killed as a result of the clashes. The revolt was put down with massive violence against rebels and civilians. There are various reports of atrocities committed by the Turkish army. Tribes loyal to the state were also destroyed. Statements by the Turkish General Staff and eyewitness reports from soldiers and victims involved confirm the acts of violence and massacres of insurgents and civilians. Numerous residents were driven from their villages, which were subsequently destroyed.

Dersim marked the end of tribal uprisings against the Turkish Republic. The state of emergency was lifted ten years later in 1948. Only then was access to the region possible again.

PKK conflict

In the 1980s, the Turkish-Kurdish conflict became radicalized as a result of the PKK's armed uprising . The Turkish military began to evacuate some areas in south-eastern Turkey and to set up buffer zones along the national borders there. In February 1986, the population was deported from 234 villages in the Tunceli province and taken over a thousand kilometers west to the Mediterranean coast. A total of 50,000 villagers were affected.

The military continued to use force against the PKK fighters and their alleged supporters in the villages in the 1990s, with many villages being burned and destroyed. In the autumn of 1994, the inhabitants were expelled from about a third of the villages within two months. The army combed the Tunceli province more systematically than the Kurdish areas elsewhere, many residents fled to western Turkey or emigrated to European countries.

In the referendum on the conversion of the constitution to a presidential system on April 16, 2017, 80.4% of the voters in the province voted “No”.

Culture and sights

The Munzur River and its valley are of paramount importance for the Tunceli region. In addition to the supply of water, fishing and other economic aspects, the Munzur has a "sacred" value in the eyes of the people. For the Alevis, mountains, rivers, springs, the sun and the moon are sacred. They are witnesses of divine truth, but not God himself. That is why the Munzur river is directly associated with almost all mythologies, legends and traditions of Dersim.

The Munzur legend

Together with the Düzgün Baba saga, the Munzur saga is one of the best-known stories. Munzur Baba is a shepherd in Tunceli's mythology. He is the namesake of the sacred river Munzur, one of the source rivers of the Euphrates.

Munzur was a simple shepherd who lived in the house of an Agha. One day the Agha went on a pilgrimage where he felt the desire to eat Helwa . Munzur felt the Agha's wish and communicated it to the Agha's wife. At first she thought: “Munzur would like to eat Helwa, but he doesn't dare to tell me.” Finally she cooked Helwa and gave Munzur some of it.
When the Agha was praying at the pilgrimage site, he turned to the left, Munzur was standing next to him and said: “You wanted Helwa. Here you go. ”He handed him the Helwa, which was still oven-warm. Confused, the Agha turned briefly to the right, and when he looked back Munzur disappeared as he had appeared.
After the pilgrimage, the Agha returned to his village, where a crowd met him to greet him and kiss his hand respectfully. The Agha, however, said: “Do not do me the honor, but Munzur.” And he related what had happened to him in the holy place. Immediately people went in search of Munzur, who was milking a goat. When he saw the crowd approach, he jumped up in embarrassment and ran away with the milking pail in hand. But the people ran after him. As he escaped, the milk spilled and forty drops fell to the ground, from which forty springs sprang up. Munzur himself disappeared.

Worth seeing

  • The Munzur Valley National Park
  • The castles of Pertek and Mazgirt
  • The churches of Ulukale and Korluca (formerly Tilköy)
  • The Çemişgezek and Sivdi bridges
  • The Hamam-ı Atik (old bath house)
  • The mausoleums of Ferruh Şad Bey, Uzun Hasan and Çoban Baba
  • The fountains of Ulukale Meydan
  • Düzgün Baba
  • The forts Rabat, Basupak, Bağın, Kale, Anbar, Sinan and Sağman.
  • The Urartean Bridge in Rabat
  • The Church of Ergen (Hozat)
  • The crater and glacial lakes Buyer, Mercan, Bağırpaşa, Karagöl, Çimligöl, Yeşilgöl and Hel
  • The Pülümür valley
  • The Kırkmerdiven valley with its four waterfalls
  • The Mercan valley with its 3 glacial lakes

The Munzur National Park

Munzur was declared a national park on December 21, 1971 . The modest research carried out so far has shown that 1518 plants , 227 of which are endemic, are found in this unique national park.

Despite its status as a nature reserve, nine dams have been approved for construction and gold prospecting operations are being carried out in which highly toxic cyanide is discharged into the river's water.

politics

At the constitutional referendum in Turkey on April 16, 2017, voters in Tunceli province voted with 80.41 percent against the proposal for a constitutional amendment (" Hayır " in German No ) to introduce a presidential system in Turkey, while the Turkish voters as a whole a slim majority of 51.4 percent voted in favor.

Personalities

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Turkish Institute for Statistics , accessed on July 30, 2019
  2. ↑ İslam ve İhsan: ŞEHİRLERİN ESKİ İSİMLERİNİ BİLİYOR MUSUNUZ? Retrieved March 26, 2020 (Turkish).
  3. ↑ Directorate General of Mapping İl ve İlçe Yüzölçümleri (PDF file 0.25 MB)
  4. ↑ Türkiye Nüfusu İl İlçe Mahalle Köy Nüfusu , accessed on July 30, 2019
  5. ↑ ALFABETİK SIRALAMA YAPILMIŞTIR TARİH (1) .pdf 1.4 MB
  6. ↑ a b Central Dissemination System from TÜIK Population of municipalities, villages and quarters , accessed on July 30, 2019
  7. ^ A b Haydar Doğan: Ethnic Composition of the Tunceli Province (PDF; 242 kB; Turkish) accessed on December 18, 2009.
  8. ↑ Hans-Lukas Kieser: The missed peace. Mission, Ethnicity and State in the Eastern Provinces of Turkey 1839–1938. Chronos, Zurich 2000, p. 396
  9. ↑ Tunceli Nüfusu , accessed on July 30, 2019
  10. ↑ Genel Nüfus Sayımları (census results 1965 to 2000)
  11. ↑ Hans-Lukas Kieser : The missed peace. Mission, Ethnicity and State in the Eastern Provinces of Turkey 1839–1938. Zurich 2000, p. 409 f.
  12. ↑ a b Martin van Bruinessen: Genocide in Kurdistan? (PDF; 137 kB)
  13. ↑ Hamit Bozarslan in: Reşat Kasaba (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge 2008, p. 341.
  14. ↑ Martin Strohmeier, Lale Yalçin-Heckmann: The Kurds. History, politics, culture. Munich 2003, p. 101.
  15. ^ David McDowall: A Modern History of the Kurds. London 2004, p. 209.
  16. ↑ Hans-Lukas Kieser: The missed peace. Mission, Ethnicity and State in the Eastern Provinces of Turkey 1839–1938. Zurich 2000, p. 410.
  17. ↑ Brigitte Moser , Michael W. Weithmann : Turkey. Nation between Europe and the Middle East. Friedrich Pustet , Regensburg 2002, p. 231
  18. ↑ Martin van Bruinessen : Forced evacuations and village destruction in Dersim (Tunceli) and West-Bingöl, September-November 1994. ( Memento from January 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.9 MB) Report of the Stichting Nederlands-Koerdistan 1995
  19. ↑ Turkey referendum . Spiegel Online , 16./17. April 2017
  20. ↑ 2017 Anayasa Referandumu Sonuçları , accessed on November 30, 2018
  21. ↑ Tunceli Referandum Sonuçları - 16 Nisan 2017 Referandumu | SABAH , accessed November 30, 2018