Karaman (Beylik)
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| Official language | Turkish | ||
| Form of government | Beylik | ||
| resolution | 1467 | ||
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The Beylik of Karaman or the Karamaniden (also Beylik of Karamanoğlu, in the Turkish plural Karamanoğulları ) was a Turkish beylik (principality) with center in south-central Anatolia in today's province of Karaman . From the 13th century until its fall in 1468, Beylik was one of the most powerful states in Anatolia, ruled by the Karamanid dynasty or, for shorter, the Karamanids .
origin
The rulers of the Karamanids were members of the Oghuz tribe Afshar . The Karamanids traced their origins back to Hoca Sadeddin and his son Nure Sufi, who emigrated to Sivas from Azerbaijan . From there he moved to the western Taurus Mountains near the town of Larende , where he worked as a lumberjack. Nure Sufi's son Kerimeddin Karaman Bey gained control of the mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but false legend has it that the Seljuk Sultan Kai Kobad I set up the Karamanids in this area.
history
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The Karamanids expanded their territory by conquering the fortresses of Ermenek , Mut , Gülnar and Silifke . As a reward for this expansion of Seljuk lands, Sultan Kılıç Arslan IV gave the city of Larende, now named Karaman in honor of the Karaman dynasty, to the Karamanids. In the meantime, Karaman Beys Bunsuz's brother became a bodyguard (Candar) of Kılıç Arslan IV. Their power rose as a result of the unification of the Turkish tribes in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish elements brought into the region by Kai Kobad I. were brought.
The good relations between the Seljuks and the Karamanids did not last long. After their defeat against the Mongol Ilkhan in the Battle of the Köse Dağ (1243), the Rum Seljuks became their vassals and were assigned an Ilkhan vizier. In 1261 Karaman Bey and his two brothers Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz marched on the pretext of wanting to help Sultan Kai Kaus II, who had fled to Constantinople because of an intrigue of his vizier Pervane , with 20,000 men towards the Seljuk capital Konya . However, a united Seljuk and Mongol armies under the command of Mu'in al-Din Suleyman defeated the Karamanids and captured Karaman Bey's brothers.
After Karaman Bey's death, his elder son Şemseddin Mehmet I became the new leader of the dynasty in 1262. He immediately negotiated with other Turkmen clans to raise an army against the Seljuks. During the revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey in 1276 against the Mongol rule over Anatolia, the Karamanids also defeated some Mongol-Seljuk armies. Especially in the Battle of Göksu in 1277 the central power of the Seljuks received a serious blow. Mehmed Bey took advantage of this, conquered Konya on May 12th and installed an heir to the throne named Jimri, who pretended to be the son of Kai Kaus II. However, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuk and Mongolian forces that same year and executed together with his brothers.
Despite this blow, the Karamanids expanded their power and influence. Most of the support they received came from the Mamluks of Egypt , especially during the reign of Baibars . The Karamanids conquered Konya two more times at the beginning of the 14th century, first by Amir Tschupan , the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, and then by his son and successor Timurtash .
The collapse of the rule of the Ilkhan in the middle of the 14th century meant complete independence for Karaman and the other Beyliks in Asia Minor. At the same time a power vacuum arose, which the rulers ( Beys ) tried to exploit to gain their own power. So the Karamanids expanded their territory at the expense of the neighboring Beyliks. These in turn sought protection in part with the Ottomans , who for their part had gradually expanded their domain both to the west and into the interior of Anatolia. To prevent a conflict between the two dynasties, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I gave his daughter Nefise Hatun to the Karamanid Alâeddin Ali Bey as a wife, so that he became a Damad of the Ottomans.
Conflicts with the Ottomans
When the Ottoman power expanded towards the Balkans, Aleaddin Ali Bey conquered the Ottoman city of Beyşehir. It didn't take long for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the capital of the Karamanids. Alâeddin Ali Bey was defeated by his father-in-law in 1387. A treaty was negotiated between the two empires and there was peace until the reign of Bayezid I. In 1396 Alâeddin Ali Bey took the Ottoman Ankara when Sultan Bayezid I was at war in the Balkans. But Alâeddin Ali Bey was again subject to the Ottomans and was handed over to his brother-in-law, who executed him and held his sons hostage at the court in Bursa.
When Timur expanded towards Anatolia and defeated the Ottomans near Ankara, he gave all former princes their lands back. The Karamanids received rule over Kayseri , Kırşehir and Sivrihisar . Mehmed Bey, the eldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey, became the new ruler. After Bayezid I died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire slipped into a political crisis. During this time the Ottoman family fell victim to an internal dispute . This was an opportunity not only for the Karamanids but for all of the other Anatolian Beyliks as well. Mehmed Bey gathered an army and marched on Bursa in 1413. He captured the city and damaged it. This would not be the last Karamanid invasion of the Ottoman land. But Mehmed Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and put in prison. He apologized for his actions and was pardoned by the Ottoman Sultan. Mehmed Bey died in 1423 while defending Antalya against the Ottomans by a bullet.
Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured Tarsus while Mehmed Bey was in captivity. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmed Bey, recaptured the city during a conflict between the emirs of Damascus and Egypt. After that, the Egyptian sultan sent an army to recapture Tarsus from the Karamanids. The Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after they defeated the Karamanids and Mehmed Bey withdrew from Konya. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued him and took him prisoner. According to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmed Bey was exiled in Egypt for the rest of his life.
During the crusade from Varna against the Ottomans 1443–1444, the karamanid İbrahim Bey marched to Ankara and Kütahya and destroyed both cities. In the meantime, the Ottoman Sultan Murad II returned from Rumelia after defeating the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all Islamic Emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of high treason. From then on, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Beylik Karaman was finally overthrown by the Ottomans in 1468 when the power of the Egyptian allies waned. Karaman became an Ottoman province.
flag
According to A. Cresques' Catalan Atlas of 1375, the flag of the Karamanids consisted of a blue hexagonal star. The flag of the Karamanids can be confused with the Star of David , the Jewish symbol used in the flag of Israel today. In the Middle Ages, the star was also an Islamic symbol and was very popular as the seal of Solomon among the Turkish beyliks in Anatolia. The seal was also used by the Ottomans to decorate their mosques , for their coins and for the personal flags of the Pashas, including Khair ad-Din Barbarossa . Another state that used the seal in the flag was the Candaro ğlu.
The power of the Karamanid state in Anatolia
According to the book Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr by Schehâbeddin Ömer, the Karamanid army had 25,000 horsemen and 25,000 Saracens. They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.
Their economic activities mostly depended on the control of strategic and commercial areas such as Konya and the ports of Lamos , Silifke , Anamur and Manavgat .
Culture
The Karamanids were the first state in Anatolia to make Turkish its official language. This decree was passed after the conquest of Konya in 1277 and deliberations in the Diwan.
architecture
66 mosques , 8 hammams , 2 caravanserais and 3 madrasas have been preserved from the Karamanids to this day . Some of them are:
- Hasbey Madrasa (1241)
- Şerafettin Mosque (13th century)
- Ince-Minare (Dar-ül Hadis) -Madrasa (1258-1279)
- Hatuniye Madrasa
List of rulers
- Nure Sufi Bey (capital: Ereğli ) (1250–1256)
- Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey (capital: Ermenek ) (1256? –1261)
- Şemseddin I. Mehmed Bey (1261-1277)
- Güneri Bey (1283-1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) (capital: Konya )
- Bedreddin I. İbrahim Bey (1312-1333, 1348-1349)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333-1348)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350)
- Şemseddin Bey (1350-1351)
- Hacı Sûfi Burhâneddin Musa Bey (capital: Mut ) (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356-1357)
- Damad I Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398)
- Sultanzâde Nâsıreddin II. Mehmed Bey ( Gıyâseddin ) (1398-1399)
- Damad Bengi II. Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1419, 1423–1424)
- Damad II. İbrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzâde Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Kasım Bey (1469-1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
literature
- Mehmet Fuat Köprülü : The Origins of the Ottoman Empire . State University of New York, 1992, ISBN 0-7914-0819-1 , books.google.com Limited preview (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ Claude Cahen: Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330 , trans. J. Jones-Williams. Taplinger, New York 1968, pp. 281-282.
- ↑ Klaus Kreiser , Christoph K. Neumann: Small history of Turkey. Reclam, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-15-010678-5 , p. 84
- ^ Catalan Atlas