Candar
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| Official language | Turkish | ||
| Capital | Eflani (1292–1309), Kastamonu (1309–1398), Sinop (1398–1461) | ||
| Form of government | Beylik | ||
| founding | 1292 | ||
| resolution | 1461 | ||
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The Beylik Candar , known as Dschandariden (also Candaroğlu-Beylik and Beylik the Candaroğulları ), or Isfendiyariden (İsfendiyaroğulları) was a Turkish Beylik in Anatolia , which today's Turkish provinces of Kastamonu and Sinop and parts of Zonguldak , Bartın , Karabük , Samsun , Bolu , Ankara and Çankırı included. This region was known as Paphlagonia . The Beylik existed from 1292 to 1461.
The flag of the Candar can be confused with the Star of David . In the Middle Ages, however, this was not only a Jewish symbol, but also known among Muslims as the seal of Solomon . Another Anatolian beylik with this symbol was Karaman .
history
The Rum Seljuk ruler Mas'ud II. Was in gratitude the region Kastamonu to Temür Yaman Candar, commander of the Life Guards (Emir-i Candar) of the Sultan was and this had freed from the Mongolian captivity. The Seljuks had been vassals of the Mongol Ilkhan since the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 . So the Candar were initially under the rule of the Ilchane. This only changed with the death of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id in 1335.
The Kastamonu donated by Mas'ud II to Temür was in the possession of the Çobanoğlu family . So Temür's son Suleyman I. captured Kastamonu from the Çobanoğlu (1309) and the places Safranbolu and Sinop from the Pervane . Suleyman appointed his sons as governors of the conquered territories (Ibrahim in Sinop and Ali in Safranbolu). After Süleyman's death, his two sons fought for his successor. In 1339 Ibrahim was victorious and took Kastamonu. After his death he was followed by his cousin Adil bin Yakup (1346-1361). After Adil's death, his son Kötürüm Bayezid became the new ruler (Bey). Bayezid fought twice against the ruler Kadi Burhan al-Din from Sivas . 1383 he lost Kastamonu to his son Süleyman II., The help of the Ottomans under Murad I had received. Bayezid withdrew to Sinop and the Beylik was in fact divided into two parts. Bayezid died in 1385 and his son Isfendiyar followed him.
Süleyman II. Kastamonu Murad I remained loyal and supported it on his European campaigns in the years 1386 and 1389. Murad I died in 1389 at the Field of Blackbirds , and he was followed by the aggressive Bayezid I after. Bayezid I launched an attack against Kastamonu in 1391. He wanted to bring the Anatolian Beyliks under his direct control. Suleyman II was killed and the rule of the Candar ended in Kastamonu.
Fearing a conflict with the Ottomans, Isfendiyar offered himself as a vassal. In return, he received the autonomy for his area. After Bayezid I was defeated in 1402 in the battle of Ankara against Timur , Isfendiyar changed sides and submitted to Timur. He manufactured many of the former Beyliks within their old borders, so that Isfendiyar got Kastamonu , Kalecik , Tosya and Çankırı back.
During the Ottoman Interregnum and after Timur left Anatolia, Isfendiyar kept in contact with all four of Bayezid's sons to prevent future conflicts. But one of the sons named Kasım conquered part of the Beylik (Çankırı and Tosya) and so shared the Beylik again. Isfendiyar later revolted against Sultan Murad II and withdrew to Sinop in 1423 defeated. He died in 1439 and was succeeded by his son Ibrahim II. This was replaced by Ismail in 1443.
After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Mehmed II , whose mother Huma Hatun was related to the Candaroğlu, turned to Anatolia and wanted to unite all the Beyliks under his rule. In 1461 he conquered Sinop with the help of Ismail's brother Ahmed and officially ended the rule of the Candar. After incorporation into the empire, the ruling Candar family held important positions in the Ottoman administration. They held this until the collapse of Ottoman rule in 1922. Ayşe Sultan, the last known member of the Standard Dynasty with these privileges, died in Ankara in 1981 .
Culture and economy
The Beylik was located in a very important region in Northern Anatolia. In 1332 the large number of 420,000 people lived there, and the political influence was also great. In the 170 years of the Beylik, the Candar were well advanced in architecture, as well as in cultural and social spheres and in welfare. Many books were written in Turkish on poetry, medicine, chemistry and social sciences at court. Arabic and Persian books have been translated into Turkish. Some of the architecture of the Candar has been preserved, such as B. a hammam , a caravanserai , several mosques, restaurants, madrasas and libraries.
The Persian geographer Al-Omari reported in the 14th century that Kastamonu was one of the most important provinces in the region and that Sinop was one of the most important ports on the Black Sea. The trading nation Genoa had bases in Sinop and inland. Many Genoese traders lived in the neighboring province of Sivas who transported goods from the east and south to the ports in Trabzon , Samsun and Sinop. Venetian archives mention close financial and economic ties between the Candar and Venice and Genoa. Kastamonu was also rich in raw materials such as iron and copper . The Candar had copper coins minted that bore two fish and the writing Dârü's-saâde-i Sinop (The Palace of Sinop).
military
The Beylik of the Candar had a light cavalry with 25,000 riders. This large force often fought together with the Ottomans in Rumelia and Anatolia. B. at the siege of Constantinople. Since the Candar area bordered the Byzantine Empire , they waged many campaigns against it. The Candar also had a fleet of unknown size in Sinop. However, it is known that this fleet was involved in an attack on the Genoese outpost of Caffa (today Feodosia ) in the Crimea in 1361 .
Web links
- Candaroğulları (İsfendiyaroğulları) Beyliği ( Memento April 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Turkish
literature
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund: The New Islamic Dynasties , Edinburgh University Press 1996, p. 229
- Sevim, Ali: Türk Tarihi - Fetih, Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi , Türk Tarih Kurumu 1989; P. 252ff.
- Yücel, Yaşar: Çobandaroğulları , TDV İA
Individual evidence
- ↑ Elizabeth A. Zachariadou , “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd and Kādī Burhān Al-Dīn Ahmad” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London , Vol. 43, no. 3. (1980), p. 473.