Karesi

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Karesi Beyliği
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Official language Turkish
Capital Karesi (today Balıkesir )
Form of government Beylik
founding 1299
resolution 1361
map
The Karesi Beylik

Karesi , also known as Karesiden or Karasiden (in today's Turkish as Karesi Beyliği, Karesioğulları Beyliği, Karasi Beyliği or Karasioğulları Beyliği ), was a Turkish Beylik in the Balıkesir - Çanakkale - Bergama region and the first Turkish state in this region.

The Beylik was taken over by its neighbors, the Ottomans , in 1361 . It was the first Beylik that the Ottomans conquered. From the Beylik was Sanjak Karesi created. The Karesi later supported the Ottomans in their expansion towards Rumelia . After the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Sanjak Karesi became today's province of Balıkesir .

etymology

Whether the actual name of the Beyliks Karesi ( قر ه سى) or Karası (قر ا سى) and whether this is a variation of Kara-izi (قر ه ايز ى) or Kara İsa (قر ه عيسى) is not secured.

Ibn Battuta , who had toured the region, named the area Memleket-i Akirus . Akirus (Achirus) was the pre-Islamic name of the region and is believed to be a possible origin of the word Karesi. The Byzantine historian Nikephoros Gregoras reported in his Rhomean History that the areas from Lydia and Aeolia to the Hellespont and Mysia were ruled by a ruler Kalames and his son Karasis. John VI Kantakuzenos says in his work that Karasis' kingdom is called Karasia.

history

founding

At the time of the Sultanate of the Rum Seljuks , Oghusian tribes settled in Western Anatolia . They founded so-called Uc principalities (frontier principalities) there, which were supposed to defend the borders of the Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks sent their commanders Karesi Bey, his father Kalem Bey, Yakup Bey of the Germiyan and a large group of Oghusen to the region on the Marmara Sea and the Gulf of Edremit.

Karesi Bey conquered a large part of the Mysia landscape with the help of the Germiyan in 1296–1297. The Seljuks named Karesi Bey Emir-ül Savahil (Amir of the coast). The Karesi Beys family descends from the founder of the Danischmenden Danischmend Ghazi . Shortly before the collapse of the Seljuk Sultanate, Karesi Bey declared his independence like other Uc princes and thus founded the Karesi Beylik. The exact date of foundation is not known. It is believed to be between 1296 and 1300, with the year 1299 being favored because at that time most of the other principalities became independent.

Karesi Bey's reign

In order to counteract the expansion of the Turks in western Anatolia, the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II made an alliance with the Alans . His eldest son Michael IX. moved the Byzantine-Alan army into its headquarters on the Gediz River in what is now the Manisa province. But the Byzantines were subject to the Karesi and the Alans withdrew. In 1304 the emperor called upon Roger de Flor , who commanded a force made up of Aragonese and Catalans , adventurers known as Almogàvers . This Catalan company killed 5000 members of a Turkish tribe near Edincik. This caused the Beylik to stagnate between 1302 and 1308.

Karesi Bey's tomb ( Türbe ) in Balıkesir .

The Seljuk spiritual leader Sarı Saltuk set out with about 10-20,000 people from Sinop by ship first towards Crimea and later settled in Dobruja in 1264 with the permission of the Tatar ruler Kara Nogai Khan . Sarı Saltuk was a student of Ahmed Yesevi and died in Dobruja in 1280/81. The now leaderless Turkmen there were now under greater pressure from the Bulgarians and Romanians .

Some of these Turkmen, under their leader Ece Halil, left Thrace by ship in 1306 and came to Lapseki via Çanakkale . They were welcomed by the Karesi and settled in their Beylik. Mount Ida was of great importance for the Turkmens who were still associated with their pre-Islamic shamanic beliefs . They named the mountain after their saint Kaz (Eng .: goose) in Kaz Dağı. The newcomers increased the power and possibilities of the beylik. So it was able to expand further at the expense of the Byzantines. Other Turkmen tribes, who had fled Inner Anatolia from the Mongols, were added. Among these were Çepni tribes, which can still be found today.

Karesi (northwest) and the other Anatolian Beyliks around 1330

Division and decline

Karesi Bey died before 1330, when exactly is not known. He was succeeded by his son Aclan Bey. This had good relations with the neighboring Ottomans. According to Aclan Bey, his sons ruled the Beylik. One of the sons was Demirhan Bey. His brother Yahşi Bey ruled over part of the Beylik from Bergama, so that the Beylik was in fact divided into two domains. A third brother named Dursun Bey lived at the Ottoman court in Bursa and had good relations with Sultan Orhan I. Demirhan Bey treated his subordinates badly, so that the population asked Dursun Bey for help. In 1345 Dursun Bey came to Karesi with Orhan, but was killed by his brother's men. Orhan took advantage of the power struggle and took over Karesi in 1361. According to some sources, the people are said to have asked the Ottoman Sultan to do so.

The beylik after the decline

Karesi was one of the few Beyliks who had a fleet. Later the Ottomans would benefit greatly from this fleet. The Karesis marched twice against Rumelia with their fleet. In 1331 they attacked Feres with 70 boats and in 1333 with 60 boats at Athos . On a political and military level, Karesi was of great help to the Ottomans in their transition from the Ottoman Beylik to the Ottoman state. The Ottomans settled people from Karesi in the newly conquered European areas. After Sultan Bayezid I had conquered the Beylik of the Saruchanids in 1390, he summarized it with Karesi and gave it to his son Ertuğrul. Later another son named İsa was appointed governor of Karesi-Saruhan. When Bayezid lost the battle of Ankara against Timur in 1402 , he restored the Beyliks, which had been conquered by the Ottomans, within their old borders. This was also the case with Karesi. After the Ottomans restored their power, all of the Beyliks were subjugated again. Karesi was subordinated to the Beylerbey of Anatolia in 1393 . The name Karesi lived on until 1926.

Inscriptions

Apart from the two tombstones of Kutlu Melek and Mustafa Çelebi, which are in the Tokat Museum, there are no inscriptions from the Beylik. According to the family trees on these two tombstones, the Karesi rulers viewed themselves as descendants of the Danish Mendids from the 11th century. But this relationship is not proven by any other sources. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı was the first to publish the grave inscriptions.

The territory of the Karesi

Family table

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Danischmend Ghazi
(† 1104 )
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
İsmail
 
 Gümüştekin
 
 Melik Gazi
(† 1134 )
 
 İbrahim
 
 Yağısıyan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Melik Mehmed
(† 1143 )
 
 Yağıbasan
(† 1164 )
 
 Yagan
 
 Aynüddevle
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Guess
 
 Muzaffereddin
Mahmud Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 Zülkarneyn
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nizameddin
Suhrab Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yağdı Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kalem Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Karesi Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aclan Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yahşi Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 Demir Han Bey
 
 Dursun Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Suleyman Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuce Han Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mustafa Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kutlug Melik
 
 İsa Bey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

source

  • Zerrin Günal Öden: Karasi Beyliği. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1999, ISBN 975-16-1002-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Turkish coat of arms . Balıkesir City Council.
  2. ↑ a b c History of Turkish . Balıkesir City Council.
  3. ↑ a b c d İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı : Karesi Vilâyeti Tarihçesi . Zağnos Kültür ve Eğitim Vakfı, 2000, ISBN 975-94473-3-9 , p. 68 .
  4. ^ Zerrin Günal: Karasi Beyliği . Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-16-1002-8 (Turkish).
  5. ↑ Niyazi Akşit-Ferruh Sanir: A'dan Z'ye Genel Bilgi Ansiklopedisi . 1981, p. 790 .
  6. ↑ a b İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılıoğlu: Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri . 1937, p. 33-35 (Turkish).
  7. ↑ Balıkesirim. In: Balıkesir Belediyesi Bülteni. 2005, pp. 61, 65. ( bağlantı ( memento of April 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive )).
  8. ↑ Nicephorus Gregoras: Historai Romae I . 1829, p. 214-215 (Latin).
  9. ^ Johannes Kantakuzenos: Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae . Part II, 1828-1832. By L. Schopen, S. 507 (Latin).
  10. ↑ a b c Abdülmecit Mutaf: Salnâmelere Göre Karesi (1847–1922) . Zağnos Kültür ve Eğitim Vakfı, 2003, ISBN 975-94473-5-5 , p. 6-7 (Turkish).
  11. ↑ a b Karasioğulları Beyliği Turkish .
  12. ↑ a b İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri . Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2003, ISBN 975-16-0044-8 , p. 96 and 201 (Turkish).
  13. ↑ Mustafa Çetin Varlık: Germiyanoğulları Tarihi (1300-1429) . Ankara 1974, p. 9 (Turkish).
  14. ↑ Tarihçe ( Memento of October 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Turkish . TC Balıkesir Valiliği.
  15. ↑ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Kitâbeler I . Devlet Matbaası, İstanbul 1927, p. 43-44 .
  16. ↑ Compagnie Catalane (Wikipédia en français)
  17. ↑ Tarihçe ( Memento of the original dated February 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. turkish . TC Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Bandırma İlçe Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bandirma.meb.gov.tr
  18. ↑ Zerrin Günal Wastes: Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun Türklere Karşı Alan ve Katalanlar ile İttifakı . In: İst. Üni. Edb. Fac. Tarih Dergisi . No. 35 , 1994, pp. 123-129 .
  19. ↑ a b c Balıkesirim. In: Balıkesir Belediyesi Bülteni. 2007, pp. 116-117.
  20. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Osmanlı Tarihi I. Cilt . Devlet Matbaası, Ankara 2003, ISBN 975-16-0011-1 , p. 124 (Turkish).
  21. ↑ M. Münir Aktepe: XIV ve XV. Asırlarda Rumeli'nin Türkler tarafından İskânına Dair . Türkiyat Mecmuası, X (İstanbul 1953), p. 300 .
  22. ↑ Tuncer Baykara: Anadolu'nun Tarihi Coğrafyasına Giriş I. Anadolu'nun İdarî Taksimatı . Türk Kültürü Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul 1988, p. 85 (Turkish).
  23. ↑ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Kitâbeler I . İstanbul 1927, p. 43-44 (Turkish).
  24. ↑ B. Karamağaralı: Sivas ve Tokat'taki Figürlü Mezar Taşlarının mahiyeti hakkında, SAD, II . Ankara 1971, p. 85-86 (Turkish).