Sari Saltuk

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Bust in Kruja, Albania

Sari Saltuk ( Turkish Sarı Saltık , Ottoman صارى صالتق Sari Ṣaltı̊q even Sari Saltuk Dedebaba called, d. 1297 / 1298 ) was a semilegendärer Turkish dervish from the 13th century, by the Alevi and Bektashi in the Balkans and parts of Anatolia as a saint is worshiped.

Life

According to the famous 17th century traveler Evliya Çelebi , his real name was Mehmet and he is originally from Bukhara . According to Ibn Battuta , a 14th-century Moroccan traveler , Saltuk was an "ecstatic devotee" even though he "said things that were punished by divine law ." He is considered by various sources as a student of Mahmud Hayran , Hajji Bektash Veli or one of the successors of Ahmed Rifai . In a fatwa of Scheichülislam Ebüssuud Effendi from the 16th century Sari Saltuk is considered a "Christian monk," who by his asceticism became a skeleton. Twentieth-century historian Frederick Hasluck viewed him as a saint of a Tatar tribe from the Crimea who brought his cult to Dobruja , from where it was spread by the Bektashites.

Presumed burial site of Sari Saltuk on a mountain above Kruja in Albania

According to the Dede Korkut narrator from the 15th century, Saltuk accompanied a group of Anatolian Oghuz in 1262 to the Dobruja, where they were settled by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII to protect the northern border of the empire. The same source locates him after 1265 in the Crimea, together with the Oghuz who were transferred there by the Tatarenchan Berke , and mentions him after 1280, as he led the nomads back to the Dobruja. After Sari Saltuk's death, parts of the Oghuz returned to Anatolia, while others stayed and became Christians - and thus became the ancestors of the Turkish Gagauz . This migration has the characteristics of a folk epic called destan , and its historicity is questioned by some scholars.

Legacy in Babadag

The city of Babadag (tr. Babadağ - "Mountain of the Father") in the Romanian Dobruja, which is identified with the city of Baba Saltuq , which Ibn Battuta visited in 1331/1332, is said to be named after him has been. The oldest existing source about Sari Saltuk locates his tomb ( Türbe ) in the area of ​​this future city. This tomb was visited in the years 1484/1485 by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II during a military campaign. After news of an important victory arrived, he ordered the construction of a socio-religious educational complex around which the city developed, including a mausoleum for Sari Saltuk, which was completed in 1488. According to Evliya Çelebi, a marble sarcophagus with a Tatar inscription was found during the construction , attesting the tomb of the saint. However, this event is not mentioned in other sources that report the sultan's passage through the city.

Babadag became a place of pilgrimage, visited by Suleyman the Magnificent in 1538 , and the urban center of Dobruja in the 16th century. The city disintegrated from the frequent wars that ravaged the region in the 17th century and was eventually burned down by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish Wars , along with the Saltuk Mausoleum. A single domed Türbe was rebuilt in 1828 over the saint's grave. The mausoleum in Babadag was renovated in 2007.

Legend and aftermath

Gravestone for Sari Saltuks in Plava near Dragash in Kosovo

In various legends, Sari Saltuk is identified with Christian saints ( Saint George , Elijah , Saint Nicholas , Saint Simeon , Saint Naum or Saint Spyridon ). According to a popular legend, the body of Sari Saltuk was kept in seven coffins in remote cities in the lands of the infidel . Nowadays there are alleged graves in the Balkans, for example in the village of Blagaj near Mostar , in the Albanian Kruja , in the Kosovar Plava near Dragash and in Kaliakra in Bulgaria, as well as in Western Anatolia in İznik .

literature

  • Franz Babinger : Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede . In: M. Th. Houtsma et al. (Ed.): First Encyclopaedia of Islam . VII edition. E. J. Brill, Leiden 1993, ISBN 90-04-09796-1 , pp. 171-172 (1913-1936).
  • FW Hasluck : Christianity and Islam under the Sultans . II edition. Hasluck Press, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-5887-6 , XXXII. Sari Saltik, S. 429-439 (first edition: 1929).
  • Machiel Kiel : Syncretismes Et Heresies Dans L'Orient Seljoukide Et Ottoman . In: Gilles Veinstein (Ed.): Collection Turcica . IX edition. Peeters Publishers, 2005, ISBN 90-429-1549-8 , Ottoman urban development and the cult of a heterodox Sufi Saint: Sarı Saltuk Dede and towns of İsakçe and Babadağ in the northern Dobruja.
  • Hans-Joachim Kißling: Sarı Saltık Dede . in: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . Vol. 4. Munich 1981, p. 82 f.
  • HT Norris: Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World . University of South Carolina Press, 1993, ISBN 0-87249-977-4 .
  • Paul Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja . In: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Ed.): Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 14, No. 3, 1952, pp. 639-668. JSTOR 609124 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00088595 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to Yusuf an-Nabhani: Ğami Karamat'l-Awliya , quoted in Kiel : Ottoman urban development ... , p. 286
  2. ↑ a b Babinger: Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede , p. 172
  3. ↑ a b Norris: Islam in the Balkans , pp. 146–147.
  4. ↑ Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks ... , p 658
  5. ^ Babinger: Sarı Saltuk Baba (Ṣari Ṣaltik Dede) , p. 171
  6. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , p. 287
  7. ↑ Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks ... , p 660
  8. ↑

    "Sari Saltik, the Bektashi apostle par excellence of Rumeli , seems to have had a similar history. He appears to have been originally the saint of a Tatar tribe in the Crimea, which emigrated to Baba Dagh in Rumania, carrying its cult with it. Developed by the Bektashi, Sari Saltik loses every trace of his real origin and figures as one of the missionary saints sent by Ahmed Yasevi for the conversion of Europe. "

    - Hasluck : Christianity and Islam under the Sultans , p. 340
  9. ↑ Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks ... , p 648-649, 659
  10. ↑

    "Yazicioğlu 'Alī, who wrote during the reign of Murad II (1421-1451), says that' Izz al-Dīn Kaykā'ūs II , who was threatened by his brother, found refuge with his followers at the court of the Byzantine emperor . He fought the latter's enemies, and as a reward the latter gave them the Dobrudja. The Turkish clans were summoned, and with Ṣarī Ṣaltiq (Sari Saltik) as their leader, they crossed over from Üsküdar and then proceeded to the Dobrudja. "

    - Norris : Islam in the Balkans . Pp. 146-147.
  11. ↑ Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks ... , pp 661-662
  12. ↑ Wittek: Yazijio gh lu 'Ali on the Christian Turks ... , p 666
  13. ↑ Other scholars have suggested Ibn Battuta's Baba Saltuq should be placed in the steppes of Southern Russia
  14. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , p. 284
  15. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , pp. 286–287
  16. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , pp. 290–292
  17. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , pp. 294–296
  18. ↑ Kiel: Ottoman urban development ... , p. 298
  19. ↑ Premierul Republicii Turcia a vizitat Babadagul . In: ROMPRES (ed.): Ziua de Constanţa . October 27, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  20. ^ Sari Saltuk Tomb. (No longer available online.) ArchNet, archived from the original on August 10, 2009 ; Retrieved April 9, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / archnet.org
personal data
SURNAME Sari Saltuk
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sarı Saltık; Sari Saltuk Dedebaba (full name); Sarı Saltık Dede; صارى صالتق
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish dervish
DATE OF BIRTH 12th century or 13th century
DATE OF DEATH 1297 or 1298