Amir Tschupan

Amir Tschupan also known as Tschoban or Coban (امیر چوپان سلدوز; † November 1327 in Herat ) was a prince of the Ilchane and the namesake of the Tschupanid dynasty . His father was Malek from the Mongolian Sulduz clan. His ancestor Chilaun (Чулуун) was one of the four great companions of Genghis Khan .

Life

Rise to power

Tschupan first appeared as a supporter of Gaichatus when he seized the throne of the Ilkhan people. When Ghazan Ilchan became the new ruler in 1295, Chupan met with him near the Ustunavand Castle. Tschupan served under Ghazan Ilchan and took part in his campaigns against the rebellious Nauruz. He served as a senior commander during the three campaigns of Ghazan Ilkhan against Syria , and later under the rule of the Mameluks . In one of these three campaigns under the command of Commander-in-Chief Qutlugh Shah, the Chupan's army was defeated at the Battle of Marjal Suffar in 1303. When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with his army and reached Ghazan Ilkhan in June. Ghazan had both punished out of anger over the defeat, whereby Tschupan was treated more leniently.

In 1305 Tschupan married the daughter of the new Sultan Öldscheitü named Dowlandi Khatun. In 1307 he was given command of one of the four armies that were sent against a rebellion in Gilan . He marched off from Ardabil and was able to persuade the rulers of Astara and Gaskar to give up, after which he met with Öldscheitü. Qutlugh Shah's army was not so lucky and he was killed by the Gilakers . After his death Öldscheitü appointed Tschupan to his commander-in-chief ( Amīr-e Olūs ). Amir Tschupan now had great influence at court, although he still encountered resistance from the viziers . When Öldscheitü died in 1316, his son Abu Sa'id confirmed him as Commander-in-Chief, despite Amir Sevinch's attempt to get this office.

The rise and fall of Abu Sa'id

Amir Tschupan tried to reduce the influence of the viziers. In 1318 he persuaded the vizier Raschid ad-Din , who had come into disrepute , to return to the court of the Ilkhan. Rasheed ad-Din, who had many enemies, was suspected of poisoning Öldscheitü soon after his return. Tschupan suddenly turned against him, and Rashid ad-Din was executed in July 1318.

In 1319 the armies of the Blue Horde invaded Ilkhanat under the command of Uzbek Khan . Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Chupan was on the way Amir Husain, the father of the founder of Jalairid Sultanate Hasan Bozorg against the raids of Chagatai prince Yasa'ur, the Khorasan to help devastated, but then turned back, so he can support Abu Sa'id, when he was in danger on the Kur river. Some of Abu Sa'id's officers deserted, weakening his army. When Amir Tschupan reached his master, he saw the Blue Horde fleeing. Nevertheless, he was hard on the enemy.

The escape of Abu Sa'id's officers had yet to be investigated. When the Amir arranged for Quromsi, a potential rival, to be punished, as well as against other officers for their military guilty behavior, a conspiracy was formed against him. Among the conspirators was Abu Sa'id's uncle, Irenjin, whom Chupan had deposed from his governorship in Diyarbakır . With the support of the Ilkhan, Tschupan took action against them. Irenjin was defeated at Mianeh in June 1319. After this event, Chupan gained almost complete control of the Ilkhan, and his sons were given high positions when Persia was partitioned among them. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister Sati Beg , to whom he had been engaged since 1316. His sons quickly took advantage of their power; In the winter of 133 Chupan, who was suffering from gout , had to convince his son Timurtash the governor of Rum (Anatolia) to end his revolt against the Ilchanat.

When Amir Tschupan reached the height of his power, he had already sown the seeds for his fall. When Abu Sa'id was in dire financial straits, Chupan's son and deputy Demasq Kaja generously spent his wealth. The situation angered the Ilkhan, who was incited even more against Tschupan by his viziers, especially by Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Tschupan's protégé. Tschupan's efforts to win over Abu Sa'id by marrying his daughter Baghdad Chatun, who was already married to Hasan Bozorg, did not help.

In 1325 Amir Tschupan defeated another force of Uzbek Khan and even invaded the area of ​​the Blue Horde. At the end of 1325 Amir Tschupan gave the order to uncover and repair the aqueduct of ʿAin Bāzān in Mecca . At the beginning of 1326 Amir led Tschupan to defend Khorasan against invaders. In autumn 1326 the ruler of the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin crossed the Oxus and was defeated by Chupan's son Hasan at Ghazni . The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in traveled with Amir Tschupan, while Demasq Kaja remained in control of the royal court. In August 1327, Abu Sa'id had Demasq Kaja killed, allegedly for his affair with one of Öldscheitu's former concubines.

Abu Sa'id then undertook a campaign against the other Chupanids. The Khorasanis found out about it and appeared to be on friendly terms with Amir Tschupan. He marched west and convinced the local religious leader of Semnan Sheikh 'Ala' al-Daula to negotiate a ceasefire and rested near Qazvin . When the sheikh failed, he marched further west with his troops, who were looting along the way. When he reached Quha, he was only a day's march from Abu Sa'id's camp, but that night most of his commanders switched to the Ilkhan's side. Instead of fighting with the Ilkhanid army, Amir Chupan withdrew. When he reached Saveh, he sent his wife, Sati Beg, back to Abu Sa'id. He traveled towards Tabas to seek refuge there in Transoxania .

When he reached the Murgab River , he changed his mind and moved to Khorasan. Him, he was in Herat by the local ruler of Kurt Dynasty is preparing a warm welcome Gijas od-Din. But when he received the order to execute Amir Tschupan from his overlord the Ilkhan, Gijas od-Din had no choice but to obey. Amir Tschupan and his son Jela'u Khan were both executed. As a friend of Chupan, Gijas od-Din ordered death by strangulation, which was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid ruler then sent Amir Tschupan's finger to Abu Sa'id as evidence. Many of Amir Tschupan's sons died in the next few years. Amir Tschupans was buried in the Baqi cemetery in Medina under the supervision of his daughter Baghdad Khatun .

The children of Tschupan

Amir Tschupan had four wives, whose names are not all known. With these he had the following children:

Name unknown:

• Hasan
• Timurtash
• Demasq Kaja
• Sheikh Mahmud
• Baghdad Chatun (daughter)

Dowlandi Katun:

• Jela'u Chan

Corducin:

• Siuksah
• Yagi Basti
• Nowruz

Sati Beg:

• Surgan

literature

• The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 5: John A. Boyle (Ed.): The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1968, ISBN 0-521-06936-X .
• Charles Melville: "Čobān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. V, pp. 875-878 online version