Chupanids
The Tschupaniden , also known as Sulduz or Tschobaniden (سلسله امرای چوپانی, Amir Tschupani ), were descendants of a Mongolian family that ruled Persia from 1335 to 1357 . At first they served under the Ilchans and after the fall of the Ilchanate they had de facto control over the empire. The Chupanids made Arran (in Azerbaijan) their fortress, while the Jalairids controlled Baghdad .
Early chupanids
The early Tschupanids were members of the Sulduz tribe. Sorgan Sira was one of the first important Chupanids and served Genghis Khan during his rise to power. Later the Chupanids lived under the rule of the Ilkhan. A descendant of the Sorgan Sira named Amir Tuda'un was killed in 1277 in a battle against the Mameluks near Elbistan . He left behind a son named Malek, who was the father of the Amir Tschupan dynasty's namesake .
Amir Tschupan and his sons
During the early 14th century, Amir Tschupan served under three rulers of the Ilkhan people, beginning with Ghazan Ilchan . As a notable commander, Tschupan gained influence over the Ilkhan and married various women from the Hulegü clan . His power aroused suspicion among the nobility, who conspired against him in 1319 but failed. The Ilkhan Abu Sa'id, however, displeased Tschupan's influence and he successfully removed Tschupan from the royal court. Amir Tschupan fled to Herat in 1327 , where the Kartids executed him. Several of his sons fled to the Golden Horde or the Mameluks in Egypt while others were killed.
Baghdad Chatun
The Chupanids were not completely expelled from Persia. A daughter of Chupan named Baghdad Katun aroused the interest of Abu Sa'id. When Tschupan was still alive, she married Hasan Buzurg, the future founder of the Jalairids. But after Chupan's escape, they separated and Baghdad Katun married Abu Sa'id. She quickly gained influence over the empire and exercised her power. It was later suspected of conspiracy against the Ilkhan, and some believed it also caused Abu Sa'id's death in 1335. Abu Sa'id's successor, Arpa Ke'un , executed them.
The role during the fall of the Ilkhanate and Hasan-i Kutschek
Arpa Ke'un's position was found to be weak; when a granddaughter of Chupan named Delsad Chatun fled to Diyarbakir and got the local governor to attack and defeat the Ilkhan. During the subsequent dispute in the following years, some members of the Tschupaniden stood on different sides such as Arpa Ke'un or Hasan Buzurg. The latter married Delsad Chatun, who took care of the heir to the Jalairids.
While the Jalairids were strengthening their position in Iraq, other Chupanids were also active. Hasan Kucek, a grandson of Chupan, gathered many of the Chupanid family on his side and defeated the Jalairids in 1338, thus preparing the way for the Chupanid empire around Tabriz . In the same year he raised Sati Beg , half-sister of Abu Sa'id and widow of Amir Tschupan, to the throne of the Ilkhan. To keep Sati Beg under control, he forced her to marry Suleiman Khan, who was his puppet.
Hasan Kucek continued his fight against the Jalairids. A struggle made more complicated by the intervention of Togha Temur of Khorasan , but family power struggles were the greatest challenge. Several members defected to the Jalairids; In any case, Hasan Kucek was forced to deal with them until his death in 1343.
Malek Aschraf and the collapse of the Chupanid rule
Shortly after Hasan Kucek's death, a power struggle broke out. During this conflict, Malek Asraf, Hasan Kucek's brother, eliminated his uncles and thus brought the Chupanid country completely under his control by the end of 1344. Like his predecessor, he used puppets as vassals. Under his rule, the Chupanids tried to wrest Baghdad from the Jalairids in 1347, but failed, as did the attempt to take Fars from the Injuids in 1350. As his rule continued, Malek Asraf became increasingly cruel, which led to riots among his subjects. When the troops of the Golden Horde overran the Chupanid Empire and captured Tabriz in 1357, few regretted the Chupanid's loss of power. Malek Asraf was executed and his family was taken north by the Golden Horde. Malek Asraf's descendants in Persia were ultimately destroyed, ultimately ending the power of the Chupanids.
Modern descendants
Modern descendants of the Tschupanids in Iran bear the name of the Amir Tschupani dynasty and are mainly to be found in the provinces of North- Khorasan , South- Khorasan and Razavi-Khorasan and there especially around Mashhad .
Web links
- Chupanids . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais: History of Shaikh Uwais - by Abū Bakr al-Quṭbī Aharī, Abu Bakr al Qutbi al-Ahri, Johannes Baptist van Loon