Hazaraspids

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hazaraspids (Iran)
Idhaj
Idhaj
Location of the Hazaraspid capital Idhaj

The Hazaraspids ( Persian هزاراسپیان, DMG Hazāraspiyān ), also Atabegs of Greater Luristan (اتابکان لر بزرگ, Atābakān-i Lur-i buzurg ), were a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, which ruled a southwest Iranian principality from 1148 to 1424 , which mainly comprised the east and south of Luristan in the Zāgros Mountains , but also parts of the adjacent provinces of Chusistan , Fars and Djibal included. The Hazaraspids residing in Idhaj ( Īḏaǧ , today Izeh ) mostly had to recognize the supremacy of other dynasties and were thus vassals of the Great Seljuks , Anuschteginids , Ilkhan , Muzaffarids and Timurids , until the latter finally put an end to their rule.

Surname

The name of the dynasty is derived from the Persian name Hazarasp (هزاراسپ, Hazārasp ), which the second ruler of the dynasty wore and which means "[The one with] a thousand horses" in German. The dynasty was also known by its nickname Fadlawi ( Faḍlawī , from Faḍlūya , a Shabankara leader); the Persians often just call them great luras .

The use of the Turkish title Atabeg (next to Malik ) is somewhat misleading, as the Hazaraspids were not of Turkish descent and - more importantly - never performed the actual role of an Atabeg (the upbringing of a Seljuk prince).

history

Because of the few sources there are sometimes only contradicting dates regarding the reigns of the individual rulers. In addition, there is almost no information on subjects such as economy and religion in Luristan during this dynasty.

The ancestors of the dynasty are said to have immigrated from northern Syria via Azerbaijan to Luristan and settled there in 1106. The founder of the dynasty, Abu Tahir, was initially a commander of the Salghurids (Atabegs of Fars) and was appointed governor of Kuhgiluya for his services . However, he gained independence in a part of Luristan in 1155, extended his domain in the east to Isfahan and assumed the prestigious title of Atabeg. He claimed a descent from the Kurdish clan of the Shabankara in Luristan.

Abu Tahir's son Hazarasp helped the last Khorezm Shahs in their fight against the Mongols invading Iran and gave one of his daughters to Ghiyath al-Din Pir-Shah, a brother of Sultan Jalal al-Din . He also fought successfully against the Salghurids and thus conquered other areas. Hazarasp in Baghdad had himself confirmed by the Abbasid caliph an-Nasir as Atabeg of Greater Luristan.

In the following years the dynasty came under the rule of the Mongols. Malik Hazarasp's son and successor Tekele (or Degele) accompanied Grand Khan Huegu on his march against Baghdad, but then deserted because of the murder of the last Abbasid caliph. He was finally captured and executed in Tabriz on Hulegü's orders . Tekele was succeeded by his brother Alp-Arghu (n), who ruled for 15 years.

Yusuf Shah I, who grew up at the court of the Ilkhan, was a good friend of the Ilkhan Abaqa . He took part in Abaqa's campaigns against Dailam and was confirmed as Atabeg by Abaqa. Yusuf Shah I received Chusistan, Kuhgiluya, Firuzan (near Isfahan) and Golpayagan. After Abaqa's death, Yusuf Shah had to provide military aid to the new Ilchan Tegüder against his nephew Arghun . Tegüder was defeated by his nephew in 1284 and Yusuf Shah lost many of his soldiers due to dying of thirst on the way back from East Iran to Luristan.

Afrasiyab I tried to expand his empire to the Persian Gulf , but then met strong resistance from the Mongols, who defeated his army in the Kuhrud Mountains near Kashan . He was reinstated by Gaichatu , Arghun's successor, but then executed on the orders of Ghazan I in October 1296.

Yusuf Shah II. Annexed the cities of Shushtar , Huwayza and Basra in the first half of the 14th century. During the rule of Pashang, the Muzaffarids attacked and the capital, Idhaj, temporarily fell into their hands until the occupiers had to withdraw due to internal conflicts.

In 1424 the Timurid Shah Ruch deposed the last Hazaraspid Ghiyath ad-Din and thus ended the dynasty.

Ruler list

  • Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad (r. 1148–1161)
  • Nusrat ad-Din Hazarasp ibn Abi Tahir (ruled from 1203/04 to 1229 or 1252/53)
  • Imad ad-Din ibn Hazarasp (ruled between 1229 and 1248)
  • Nusrat ad-Din Kalha ibn Hazarasp (ruled between 1229 or 1248 and 1251)
  • Tekele (or Degele ) ibn Hazarasp (ruled approx. 1257 / 58–1259)
  • Schams ad-Din Alp-Arghu (n) ibn Hazarasp (ruled approx. 1259–1274)
  • Yusuf Schah (I.) ibn Alp-Arghu (n) (ruled approx. 1274–1288)
  • Afrasiyab (I.) ibn Yusuf Shah (ruled approx. 1288–1296)
  • Nusrat ad-Din Ahmad ibn Alp-Arghu (n) (ruled from 1296 to 1330 or 1333)
  • Rukn ad-Din Yusuf Shah (II.) Ibn Ahmad (ruled from 1330 or 1333 to 1339)
  • Muzaffar ad-Din Afrasiyab (II.) Ahmad (r. 1339-1355)
  • Naur al-Ward ibn Afrasiyab (r. 1355)
  • Shams ad-Din Pashang (r. 1355-1378)
  • Pir Ahmad ibn Paschang (r. 1378–1408)
  • Abu Said ibn Pir Ahmad (ruled approx. 1408–1417)
  • Shah Husein ibn Abi Said (ruled approx. 1417-1424)
  • Ghiyath ad-Din ibn Kawus ibn Huschang ibn Paschang (r. 1424)

References and comments

  1. ↑ a b c Hazaraspiden . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
  2. ^ Bosworth, p. 205
  3. ^ Lane-Poole, p. 174
  4. ↑ possibly also: Abu Tahir ibn Ali ibn Muhammad
  5. ↑ He was either the son of Yusuf Shah (II.) Or Ahmad.
  6. ↑ possibly another son of Yusuf Shah (II.)
  7. ↑ Pir Ahmad initially fought for the throne with his brother Huschang.

literature

  • Hazaraspids . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica (English, including references)
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth: The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual , Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10714-5 (p. 205)
  • Stanley Lane-Poole: The Mohammadan Dynasties. Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Intoductions , London 1893 (pp. 174–175)
  • Bertold Spuler : The Mongols in Iran - Politics, Administration and Culture of the Ilkhan Period 1220-1350 , Leiden 1985 (p. 134–135)