Shabankara
The Schabankara (also Schawankara ; DMG Šabānkāra ) were a Kurdish tribe from southern Iran in the Middle Ages , where they played an important role as a regional power factor. At the same time Shabankara is the name of the settlement area of this tribe.
Shabankara landscape
The area bordered the Persian Gulf to the south, Fars and Kerman to the north and east, and had a warm to temperate climate. Today this area lies in the Iranian province of Fars , where there are still two villages with the name Shabankara. According to the Iranian historian Hamdallah Mustaufi , the capital of Shabankara was Ig / Idj . The land was divided into six districts and had fertile soils on which grain , cotton , dates and other fruit were grown. During the Seljuk rule, the country paid 2 million dinars in taxes, compared with 266,100 dinars in 1340. After the Russian Iranist Minorsky , the Kurds made up an important and large population group in southern Iran (the ancient Persis ) in the Middle Ages .
The Shabankara tribe
The tribe of the Shabankara, traced back to Iranian kings like Ardaschir I or Manutschehr , a mythical king from the Shahnameh , was divided into five sub-tribes. These were called Ismaili, Ramani, Karzuwi, Masudi and Shakani . The Shabankara ran cattle, which is also evident from their name: The word Shaban ( Kurdish : Şivan , Persian : Cubdar , Turkish : Çoban ) means “shepherd”.
The history of the tribe only becomes tangible with the fall of the Buyids in the middle of the 11th century. Earlier events from the Sassanid era - such as the rescue of Yazdegerd III. before the Muslim Arabs - are more likely to be legends. Under the Sassanids, the Shabankara held the rank of ispahbadh . Parts of the Shabankara migrated southwards from the area around Isfahan under pressure from the Ghaznavids and came under the influence of the Buyids, under which some tribal leaders held important offices. The sub-tribe of the Ramani eventually came into conflict with the Buyids, took control of all of Fars under their leader Fadluya until 1055 and overthrew the last Buyid ruler in 1062. Shortly thereafter, the Shabankara came into conflict with the Seljuks, whose sovereignty they had to recognize after a defeat against Qawurd , the first ruler of the Kirman Seljuks . Fadluya, the confirmed ruler of Fars, refused several times to pay the agreed tribute and rebelled against the Seljuks. He was always defeated, but always followed by a pardon. The last time Fadluya rebelled in 1071/1072, he was imprisoned in the Istachr fortress and executed in 1078. Even afterwards, e.g. B. in the year 1098, there were repeated conflicts between the Shabankara and the Seljuk governors, followed in 1148 by the Salghurid Atabegs of Fars.
When Iran was conquered by the Mongols in the 12th and 13th centuries , the Shabankara were also ousted. Their capital Ig was destroyed by Khan Hülegü in 1260 , and their land became the property of the Ilkhan people . In 1312 the Shabankara rose against the Ilkhan Öldscheitü , but the revolt was put down by Sharaf ad-Din Muzaffar. His son founded the Muzaffariden dynasty in 1314 , which ruled over southern Iran after the Ilkhan people. In 1354/55 the leader of the Shabankara, Malik Ardaschir, rose against the Muzaffarids. This uprising was also broken and the Shabankara was finally ousted. From the 14th century the traces of the Shabankara are lost.
The Atabegs of Greater Luristan saw themselves as descendants of the Shabankara leader Fadluya.
Ruler of the Shabankara
Some of the Shabankara rulers were:
- Abu 'l-Abbas Fadluya ibn Hasanuya 1062-1069
- Nizam ad-Din Mahmud 1068-1080
- Mubaraz ad-Din Hazapasp approx. 1080-approx. 1110
- Hasanuya I. ca.1110-c. 1160
- Mubaraz I. ca.1160-c. 1190
literature
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition , article Ṣḥabānkāra by VF Büchner
- Encyclopædia Iranica , article Fars by Ahmad Ashraf
- Encyclopædia Iranica , article Fažlūya by Abdallah Marduk