Kadifekale
| Kadifekale | ||
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 Entrance to Kadifekale Castle |
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| height | 186 m | |
| location | Konak , İzmir , Turkey | |
| Coordinates | 38 ° 24 '51 " N , 27 ° 8' 44" E | |
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Kadifekale (Eng .: Velvet Castle) is a hill with a castle in the metropolitan area of İzmir , Turkey . In Roman times, the mountain and castle were called Pagos ( Greek Πάγος , Pagus ) and were still called that by the Greeks until very recently . The summit on which the castle is located is about 2 km from the coast and offers a good view over most of the urban area and the Gulf of Izmir .
In 2007, the city of İzmir began renovating the castle.
New establishment of Smyrna on the Pagos
The first city fortifications at this point came from Lysimachos , a diadoch of Alexander the Great , who later became king in Thrace and Asia Minor . This fortification has been linked to Alexander's founding of Smyrna, who relocated old Smyrna from a hill in the southeast corner of the Gulf. This city relocation with detailed planning was handed down by Pausanias , who tells legendary how Alexander, while taking a nap under a plane tree near the sanctuary of Nemesis , who was worshiped by the Smyrna people, was asked by the goddess to take the city on this very same day Point and move them there from the old place. The oracle was then consulted by Klaros and the answer was:
The men who live at the Pagos under St. Meles are said to be happy three and four times later.
While Alexander can only be considered as the initiator of the relocation, excavations in old Smyrna show that the settlement there was probably abandoned during his lifetime. The legend was often depicted on ancient coins.
The legend of the two cities
Strabo writes that only a small part of Smyrna was at the height of the mountain, while the greater part stretched around the port in the lowlands. The stadium and theater were on the slopes immediately below the summit. The settlements on the mountain and those on the coast had separate histories at times. In the 14th century, for example, the castle was conquered by the Aydinids , while the port area, with another fortress, was held by the Republic of Genoa until the conquest by Tamerlane in 1403. In the 19th century, Kadifekale became part of a development ring along several hills, the İzmir formed the Turkish core, while the urban center was below the cosmopolitan part.
The current walls are medieval. Several sources claim that there are fragments of Hellenistic stone carving under today's walls . The elongated depression west of the castle marks the location of the old stadium, in which, according to legend, Polycarp of Smyrna is said to have suffered his martyrdom . Today the place is completely built on. The ancient theater east of the castle gate has also almost completely disappeared. The few remains are from the time after a devastating earthquake in AD 178.
Next to the castle there are still ruins of cisterns that were built in Roman times and renovated several times in Byzantine and Ottoman times. These cisterns were at the heart of Smyrna's drinking water supply. Other remains of the pipelines can be found on the Agora of Smyrna, today in the Lower City of İzmir.
District
Administratively, the slopes of the hill are covered by six neighborhoods that were called slums ( gecekondu ) until recently . One of the neighborhoods is called Kadifekale because of its location on the mountain, the others are Alireis , Altay , İmariye , Kosova and Yenimahalle .
In the 20th century, the districts were mainly settled by Kurdish migrants. Around 2000, plans arose to leave the run-down working-class neighborhoods, relocate the residents to the new high-rise districts and build high-quality residential buildings in their place. The reason used was the danger of landslides to drive away the previous residents. Because the method was successful in Izmir, in contrast to other cities in Turkey, the neighborhoods were also the subject of sociological research.
gallery
Cisterns
Castle gate
Watchtower
Castle wall
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cadoux 1938.
- ↑ In these quarters urbanization began through Ottoman settlement in the 15th and 16th centuries. “Alireis” was one of the first Ottoman quarters at the time. The quarter directly below the castle with a view of the sea was mentioned as "Ali Çavuş" (1576). Only three other quarters that connect to the northeast ( Masjid-i Selatinzade - today: Kubilay , although the mosque has retained the name; Selatinoğlu -, Hanbey / Pazar - today: Pazaryeri - and Faikpaşa ) are older. Around 2,500-4,000 people lived in the city during this period. Guide to the Eastern Mediterranean. Macmillan Publishing 1904.
- ↑ Demirtas Spleen 2013.
- ^ Saraçoğlu 2014.
literature
- Ekrem Akurgal : Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey: From Prehistoric Times Until the End of the Roman Empire. Kegan Paul , 2002, ISBN 0-7103-0776-4 .
- George E. Bean: Aegean Turkey: An archaeological guide. Ernest Benn, London, 1967, ISBN 0-510-03200-1 .
- Cecil John Cadoux: Ancient Smyrna: A History of the City from the Earliest Times to 324 AD Blackwell Publishing , 1938.
- G. Tarcan: Hydrogeological and geotechnical assessments of the Kadifekale landslide area, İzmir, Turkey. Dokuz Eylül University Geological Engineering Department Environmental Geology: International Journal of Geosciences, v40 n3 (200101): 289-299
- Neslihan Demirtas-Milz: The Regime of Informality in Neoliberal Times in Turkey: The Case of the Kadifekale Urban Transformation Project. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH. 37, no. 2, 2013, pp. 689-714.
- Cenk Saraçoğlu: Disasters as an ideological strategy for governing neoliberal urban transformation in Turkey: insights from Izmir / Kadifekale. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Başkent University, Turkey .; N Demirtaş spleen. Disasters, 38 (1), Jan 2014, pp. 178-201.
- Ezgi Burgan: İşgal, Görkem, Tehlike: Kadifekale Gençlik Altkältürünün Deneyimlerinde Kentsel Dönüşüm Anlatıları. In: Kultur ve Iletisim - Culture & Communication. 0915, n36, 2015, p. 127.
- Şadan Gökovalı: İzmirçe'nin tacı Kadifekale. Heyamola Yayınları, İstanbul 2011. İzmirim, 34
- Musa Baran: Troy, Pergamon, Sardis, Izmir and its surroundings. Molay Matbaacilik, Izmir [Turkey].
- Ilhan Bardakçi: Taşhan'dan Kadifekale'ye. 1975.
- Neslihan Demirtaş-Milz, Cenk Saraçoğlu: The urban transformation in Kadifekale, İzmir: the crossroads of neoliberalism and internal displacement. In: Rethinking migration and incorporation in the context of transnationalism and neoliberalism. Isis Press, Istanbul 2014, ISBN 978-975-428-526-0 , pp. 177-225.
Web links
- Images from Kadifekale
- A. Karayiğit: Report: Kadifekale'nin sosyo-ekonomik profili ve sorunları (Kadifekale's socio-economic profile and problems) 25p. In: İzmir Chamber of Commerce July 2005 (Turkish).