Live broadcast
A live transmission or direct transmission (DÜ) is the name for a transmission technology based on the principle of real time . In the case of live transmission, sound and / or image recordings are forwarded directly to a broadcasting center, which in turn integrates these recordings directly into the (own) radio or television program . The recording takes place in a studio or at an external recording location. In the case of a so-called switch or live switch , a reporter is connected live to a broadcast studio who reports on the location of the event. In this way, the editors' contributions to current reporting are supplemented, especially in news programs.
backgrounds
Live broadcasts are primarily used for current reporting , which is indispensable in the highly competitive environment among media companies . Live broadcasts cannot be rotated again in the event of a glitch in the display (slip of the tongue, missed appearance) because the recording has already been broadcast. Live recordings from television studios are often carefully planned or rehearsed to avoid mistakes. Vehicles with their own mixing and transmitting systems, broadcast vehicles and generator vehicles are used for external shooting. Live broadcasts are common at large events such as soccer games , television shows, and correspondent contributions .
history
The first live broadcast of a soccer game on German radio was probably the final of the German soccer championship on June 13, 1926 in Frankfurt ( match association Fürth versus Hertha BSC ). Since March 22, 1935, the first regular television programs were broadcast live in Germany by the television station Paul Nipkow (Berlin). The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin are considered a milestone of these live broadcasts known around the world and the first major sporting event to be broadcast directly. A great deal of technical effort was put into their on-site broadcasting (see 1936 Summer Olympics - reporting ).
On December 26, 1952 and therefore only one day after the start of daily transmission operation of NWDR with which was the DFB Cup -Partie of FC St. Pauli against Sportfreunde Hamborn 07 in Hamburg Millerntor Stadium , the first soccer match of the German in history TV broadcast directly.
Another well-known milestone in history is the live broadcast of the first moon landing in July 1969 , which is said to have been received by around 500 to 600 million people worldwide.
Time delays
Technical time delay
If a program is broadcast live directly, the broadcast signal needs a short time before the picture appears on the television. The delay varies depending on the type of reception. The analog signal is the fastest, it takes the longest for digital satellite reception. If an event is broadcast in HD, there is a further delay due to conversion and larger amounts of data. The delays can be significantly different depending on the type of reception, so there were reports at major football events that spectators in the neighborhood (e.g. also in a restaurant) were already cheering over a goal that they had not yet seen on the screen and only several Seconds later falls.
Deliberate time lag
In the USA, live television broadcasts are generally broadcast with a delay of around five seconds, in order to enable those responsible to stop the broadcast should the unexpected occur, e.g. B. if the criminal is shot in a direct filmed police chase. This time delay was introduced as a result of the “ Nipplegate ” scandal, which resulted in a “cloakroom malfunction” broadcast worldwide in 2004.
There is also a time lag in Russia ; For example, at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the Russian spectators were not shown how one of the five Olympic rings from a snowflake did not open due to a technical breakdown.Instead, a picture from the rehearsal was sent to give people a perfect show Offer. At the closing ceremony, therefore, the Russian audience may not have understood the allusion that a group of children first formed a ring as a closed snowflake and only later formed the fifth ring.
Variations
- Live on tape is the uncut or only insignificantly cut recording of a live broadcast that is broadcast later due to the timing of the broadcast. Reasons for this are, for example, the utilization of the studio capacity in the afternoon and the broadcast in the evening at better airtime. It is commonly understood to include cut and edited recordings that are intended to convey the impression of a live broadcast.
- With delayed live or delayed live , the broadcast is technically delayed by a very short period of time in the range of seconds. The broadcast is up-to-date, but the director can prevent the transmission of dramatic errors or exercise censorship , as is customary at the Academy Awards, for example. In broadcasts of the European Football Championship 2012 , recordings made by the UEFA image control department before the start of the game were inserted into the current broadcast without referring to the insertion. The German Association of Journalists called this process "manipulation of television images".
- Re-live has a time shift of several hours, but takes place on the same day.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Wolfgang Lanzenberger: Live TV. Produce and broadcast in real time. UKV, Konstanz 2015, ISBN 978-3-86764-447-1 .
- ↑ Manfred Muckenhaupt: TV news yesterday and today. Narr, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-8233-5214-8 , p. 136.
- ^ Siegfried Kett: How the people of Fürth invented public listening . In: Fürther Nachrichten of May 11, 2013.
- ↑ On Eagle'sWings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission Information about the first live television broadcast from the moon by John M. Sarkissian (PDF file, 25 pages, 0.5 MB, English).
- ↑ 2014 Olympics in Sochi: Russian TV censored opening failure website Stern.de. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
- ↑ The Winter Olympics are over. Website Frankfurter Rundschau. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
- ↑ Uefa shows false tears after Balotelli goal . Spiegel Online website. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ↑ a b EM 2012: Joachim Löw's ball boy affair - SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel Online website. Retrieved June 30, 2012.