Mackerel shark species
| Mackerel shark species | ||||||||||||
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Short-finned mako sharks ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lamniformes | ||||||||||||
| Berg , 1958 |
Mackerel shark-like (Lamniformes) are an order of the sharks to which different and well-known species like the great white shark , the basking shark , the thresher sharks or the short-finned maco belong.
features
In contrast to other orders, there is no common feature of the mackerel shark species that makes an assignment possible immediately; the assignment can only be made clear when several features are combined. Features are:
- five gill slits
- two stingless dorsal fins
- missing nictitating membrane
- existing anal fin
- flattened or conical snout
- the mouth is large and begins behind the front edge of the eye
- Spiraculum , if present, is just behind the eye
- Spiral casing with 19 to 55 turns
Many representatives of this order are able to move less dependent on the ambient temperature than other fish by storing heat in a network of capillary vessels ( rete mirabilis ).
Way of life
Two mackerel shark species, the basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ) and the basking mouth shark ( Megachasma pelagios ) live on plankton , the rest eat larger animals, the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) also eats marine mammals .
Mackerel sharks are ovoviviparous , the young leave the egg shell in the womb and are born immediately afterwards.
Systematics
There are eight recent families, six of which are monotypical , ten genera and 15 recent species.
- Sand tiger sharks (Carchariidae) (1 species)
- Small-toothed sand tiger sharks (Odontaspididae) (1 genus, 2 species)
- Kobold sharks (Mitsukurinidae) (1 species)
- Crocodile Sharks (Pseudocarchariidae) (1 species)
- Basking mouth sharks (Megachasmidae) (1 species)
- Thresher Sharks (Alopiidae) (1 genus, 3 species)
- Basking Sharks (Cetorhinidae) (1 species)
- Mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) (3 genera, 5 species)
The relationships between the different families are shown in the following cladogram :
| Lamniformes |
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Tribal history
Mackerel shark species have been found in fossils since the Lower Cretaceous . Most of the fossil-described taxa are only known through their teeth. Nine extinct families have been described that Pseudoscapanorhynchidae (Lower Cretaceous), the Haimirichiidae (Lower Cretaceous), the Cretoxyrhinidae (Lower Cretaceous to Paleocene ), the Anacoracidae (Cretaceous) that Archaeolamnidae , Cardabiodontidae and Pseudocoracidae (Upper Cretaceous) that otodontidae (Paleocene to Pliocene ) and the Xiphodolamiidae (Eocene). Until the end of the Cretaceous, the mackerel shark species were the dominant shark order in the oceans. After the mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene border , when they were severely decimated, the ground sharks (Carcharhiniformes) have become the dominant shark group. The mackerel shark species also include the extinct, huge megalodon ( Otodus megalodon ), which lived from the Miocene to the Old Pleistocene 5 to 1.6 million years ago.
literature
- Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology, Volume II, Part 2: Fish , Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 .
- Joseph S. Nelson , Terry C. Grande, Mark VH Wilson: Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, 2016, ISBN 978-1118342336 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Nicholas R. Stone and Kenshu Shimada: Skeletal Anatomy of the Bigeye Sand Tiger Shark, Odontaspis noronhai (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), and Its Implications for Lamniform Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Conservation Biology. Copeia 107 (4), 632-652, (2019). doi: 10.1643 / CG-18-160
- ↑ Gavin JP Naylor, Janine N. Caira, Kirsten Jensen, Kerri AM Rosana, Nicolas Straube & Clemens Lakner: Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species . in Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, Michael R. Heithaus: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (Marine Biology). Publisher: Crc Pr Inc, 2012, ISBN 1-43983-924-7
- ^ Romain Vullo, Guillaume Guinot and Gérard Barbe. 2016. The First Articulated Specimen of the Cretaceous Mackerel Shark Haimirichia amonensis gen. Nov. (Haimirichiidae fam. Nov.) Reveals A Novel Ecomorphological Adaptation within the Lamniformes (Elasmobranchii). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. DOI: 10.1080 / 14772019.2015.1137983
- ↑ Mohamad Bazzi, Benjamin P. Kear, Henning Blom, Per E. Ahlberg and Nicolás E. Campione. 2018. Static Dental Disparity and Morphological Turnover in Sharks across the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016 / j.cub.2018.05.093
Web links
- Mackerel shark species on Fishbase.org (English)