Human security

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Human security refers to an expanded security concept which, in contrast to traditional security concepts, does not focus on the protection of the state, but on the individual and his or her human dignity . The political concept unites aspects of human rights, human development, peacekeeping and conflict prevention. As a result of the end of the Cold War, it became clear that the main threats to individual security are not interstate wars, but rather threats such as arbitrary government, civil war, crime, climate change, threats to the environment, displacement, hunger and poverty. The change can be justified not only with the humanization of international law, but also with the growth of a variety of civil society actors. This means that not only are more states viewed as internationally relevant actors, but the individual is increasingly becoming the focus of attention. The concept of human security aims to counteract the fact that the common national understanding of security is not congruent with the main threats. It thus opens our eyes to the vulnerabilities of the individual.

The Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) from 1994 was particularly important for the conceptual development of "human security" . It contained the characteristic elements of human security - freedom of need and freedom from fear ( "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" ) - recorded and the previously one-dimensional and state-based security fanned out into seven dimensions of human security (such as economic security, food security, political security, see below).

Due to the different security threats in the world and the different perspectives on them, there is a multitude of definitions of human security. This vagueness and the resulting difficulty in delimitation are the focus of criticism of human security. It is therefore proposed that “human security” be used merely to refer to a broad category of research in security studies that mainly deals with non-military threats to the security of societies, groups and individuals. This, in turn, is criticized as maintaining a human security gap in the area of ​​military conflict. The concept is also accused of legitimizing humanitarian interventions. Furthermore, critics ask where the added value of the well-intentioned “securitization” of dangers lies.

Nevertheless, the concept has enjoyed increasing attention since the success of the 1997 anti-personnel mine convention, which was implemented despite opposition from the USA and other major powers and is seen as a breakthrough in human security. In 2010, the UN Secretary General even committed to mainstreaming the concept of human security. The objection raised against the criticism is that the concepts of human security are not in the foreground. Rather, the vagueness of the concept should be counteracted by following its targets (mainstreaming).

The concept of human security and its priorities

Structure and goals

Despite the different definitions of human security, structures can be recognized and many common elements can be identified. The 1994 report on human development of the United Nations Development Program formulated the urgent change in the security concept in two principles:

  • from an exclusive emphasis on territorial security to a much greater emphasis on the security of the population as well
  • from security through armament to security through sustainable human development.

The report also identified the following seven main categories of threats to human security:

  • economic security,
  • Food security,
  • health security,
  • Environmental security,
  • personal security,
  • social security and
  • political security.

The holistic concept of human security advocates the approach of restricting state sovereignty through the responsibility of the state to protect the rights of its residents. The aim is to empower people and not just protect them as objects of security in order to stabilize the balance between the population and the state and to consolidate state structures. Because stable and effective state structures can best guarantee human security. The concept thus also counteracts the criticism of aiming to legitimize an attack on the sovereignty of a state in the form of a humanitarian intervention. In contrast to the human rights approach, which ostensibly relates to violations caused by governments, human security is also directed at other actors and does not differentiate according to who caused the violation. On the one hand, the one-dimensional understanding of security is to be deepened through the centralization of the individual vertically beyond the nation-state, on the other hand, protection is to be horizontally extended by expanding the potential threats - including natural disasters. Accordingly, the concept of human security does not aim to replace, but complement, state security, which is only legitimate if human security is also guaranteed. The concept thus corresponds to the fundamental development in international law towards greater consideration of the human dimension.

Wide approach versus narrow approach

Within the concept of human security, two main approaches have evolved to counter the threats to human security. The broad approach “freedom from want” and the narrow approach “freedom from fear”. They go back to the four freedoms declared by US President Roosevelt as early as 1941, to which everyone should be entitled anywhere in the world (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want and freedom from fear). The content of the latter, freedom from fear, shows a parallel to civil-political human rights. It is one of the two cornerstones of the concept, namely human security with regard to conflicts and after their end. Because freedom from fear primarily includes the protection of the individual from armed conflict, displacement, arbitrariness and political and criminal violence. The socio-economic human rights can be found in a broad approach - including the protection of the individual against hunger, poverty, disease and natural disasters. This second cornerstone of the concept, human security with regard to human development, is also understood as a complement to the narrower one.

In addition, a humanitarian approach focuses on strengthening measures against war crimes and genocide. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Annan , adds another freedom to the two main approaches to human security, freedom to live in dignity.

Politics and law

The separation of political and legal aspects is of particular importance, since human security is a political concept. However, legal implications are ascribed to it; both with regard to the rules for the creation of international law and with regard to the implementation of international law rules. An example of this is the increased integration of civil society in international negotiations that are in line with the concept of human security, which should lead to treaties, as well as the focus on "human" and not "state" concerns in the content of these treaties (e.g. . Prohibition of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions).

Relationship between human rights and human security

Like the concept of human rights, that of human security is also a transformative one that aims to transform existing structures and build capacities to combat human rights violations. Similar to human security, human rights also try to clarify and secure the place of the individual in international affairs, but the latter have well-founded norms. Accordingly, on the one hand, human rights should enrich human security through normative clarity and support the interpretation of their content. On the other hand, human security grants permission to set priorities, which the concept of human rights is denied. This is because it does not allow rights to be given priority based on needs or the degree of threat. In this respect, the more flexible concept of human security could challenge the human rights system to rethink certain of its fundamental characteristics. It is important that the distinctive character of human security from human rights is preserved and that the concept is not perceived as a merely repackaged form of human rights. Equalizing both concepts would not benefit either.

Human security and education

An important link to education has been recognized since the very beginning of the concept of human security and taken up by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The interaction of the right to education and human security becomes particularly clear in the case of discriminatory and unequal access to education. Because the violation of the right to education hinders the individual in the development of his personality. On the one hand, with participation in social, political and economic life in an appropriate manner and with the protection of one's family and oneself. In relation to society, refusal of education thus endangers human security. The lack of human security, in turn, prevents education, for example through poverty or armed conflict. Therefore education is a particularly important contribution to human security.

Foresight / potential

Human security is seen as a challenge to international institutions and the law of international organizations.

Benedek emphasizes that the concept of human security focuses on the synopsis of principles, policies and strategies that are to be established through implementation or operationalization. This should be done through institutionalization or binding decisions and agreements of international institutions, such as those made by the United Nations on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts or on the responsibility for violations of international legal obligations, as well as the Convention against Cluster Munitions. After the international community made a fundamental commitment to the concept of human security in the final document of the 2005 World Summit, in 2010 the Secretary General of the United Nations called for the concept to be mainstreamed.

In some places it is also questioned whether human security is suitable for expanding the security concept of the UN Charter . Stein-Kaempfe argues that aspects of human security can be found “in the 'aftercare' carried out by the Security Council after the end of armed conflicts because of its extended understanding of peace” and affirms the possibility of the approach, “a breath of fresh air for the work of the United Nations Look at the creation of just and safe living conditions for the people ”.

Important documents and initiatives

Grundwerk - Human Development Report 1994

The most significant groundwork for the conceptual development and entry at the international level of the human security approach lies in the Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program in 1994. It was the first serious attempt to define human security. It was subsequently mentioned in many reports and its proponents are working to spread the concept; The following documents and initiatives can be cited in extracts:

Human Security Network

As early as 1999, on the initiative of Canada and Norway, the Human Security Network (HSN) was founded, an association of now more than a dozen countries in the form of a consultation group with the aim of using the concept as an approach not only for international, but also to promote national politics. In the United Nations in particular, human security issues should be addressed more effectively. In 1999, this network worked out a human security agenda, which is to be pushed in constant further development at meetings of the UN General Assembly . These include problem areas of human security in connection with armed conflicts, but also support for the reform of the United Nations and a strengthening of multilateralism with regard to better protection of the human person. The respective chair states of the network have a special role in the development of the agenda. In 2003, under the Austrian Presidency, the topic of human rights education became part of the agenda.

Human Security Commission

In 2001 the Commission on Human Security (CHS), initiated by the Japanese government, began its work. Their 2003 report “Human Security Now” emphasizes the relevance of the concept for people in conflict and post-conflict situations, but also its importance in terms of economic and social rights. Accordingly, the report deals with both the narrow approach, freedom from fear, and the broader one, freedom from want.

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty

The "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P, rtp) in the report of the same name by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001 was drawn up as part or supplement of human security. This responsibility to protect people from serious and massive human rights violations is not only aimed at the affected state, but also, on a subsidiary basis, at the international community. The R2P is a holistic concept and consists of the three elements prevention, reaction and reconstruction.

Human Security Report 2005 and 2009/2010

The "Human Security Reports" contain important development data in the area of ​​human security. The first report was published in 2005 and supplemented with later updates. He focuses on aspects of the threats posed to civilians by conflict and other forms of violence. The report documents a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights violations over the past decade. In December 2010, the second “Human Security Report” appeared, which also focuses on violent conflicts. Although the trend since 2003 was contrary to the decline in the number of conflicts, this did not apply to the long-term decline in the number of fatalities in nation-state wars (in which a government is a party to the conflict). As part of this project, new developments are regularly compiled and published as "Human Security Research".

Human Security Index

The first edition of a human security index that includes 200 countries was published in 2009 by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). It is an extension of the Human Development Index. At the end of 2010, a second edition was published that includes more than 230 countries. The index aims to characterize the security of an individual or group in his / her home, his / her community, his / her state and in the world in order to support development. Another interesting attempt to capture human (UN) security along the original dimensions contained in the UNDP report from 1994 was presented by a young research group from the Institute for Development and Peace (INEF) in 2011.

Reports by the UN Secretary-General

In the 2000 report, We the Peoples, the UN Secretary General already identified the two main approaches to human security - freedom from fear and freedom from want - but without referring to the concept of human security. In the 2005 report “In Larger Freedom” by the UN Secretary-General, he drafted agenda proposals for the World Summit in the UN General Assembly that year. In it, the UN Secretary-General stated on the decision by the heads of state and government: “Without development there will be no security, and without security there will be no development. And development like security in turn depends on respect for human rights and the rule of law. ”In addition, he added a further freedom to the two main approaches to human security, the freedom to live in dignity (Freedom to live in dignity). Under this freedom, Annan included the rule of law, human rights and democracy.

In the already mentioned report of the acting UN Secretary General Ban on human security from 2010, he takes on the freedom to live in dignity, in addition to the two main approaches already established. With the report, he provides an update on developments in progress in human security since the World Summit. In it he called on the members of the UN General Assembly not only to mainstream the concept of human security, but also to consider the added value of the concept of human security. This underlines the increased importance that the concept has already gained.

UN General Assembly

In the outcome document of the 2005 UN General Assembly World Summit , the state representatives agreed to discuss the concept of human security with regard to a definition. At the same time, the Responsibility to Protect was recognized. A group of countries, the Friends of Human Security (FHS), continued the discussion on the initiative of Japan.

In 2008 the UN General Assembly held an informal thematic debate on the scope of human security and its further investigation. Different views emerged again and a working group on human security was set up. It should identify specific areas where human security can be applied. In 2010 the UN General Assembly held a renewed discussion of the concept, which was suggested by the UN Secretary General's report on human security. However, a general consensus on the concept has still not been reached in the UN General Assembly. In spring 2011, there was a renewed push to advance the concept in an informal debate that followed on from the previous year. In two forums, the delegates' discussion focused on the questions of a possible approach to the definition of human security and the applicability and added value of the concept.

European Union - Common Security and Defense Policy

In the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) of the European Union, the concept of human security is used in terms of content, even if it is hardly explicitly mentioned as such due to sovereignty-oriented state interests. The CSDP (formerly: European Security and Defense Policy, ESDP), which is part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union, ensures “the Union is able to operate based on civilian and military means” (Article 42 I 2 TEU ). The European Security Strategy (ESS) adopted by the Council of the European Union, “A secure Europe in a better world”, from 2003, which introduced elements of human security at European level for the first time, is formulated : "The best protection for our security is a world of well-governed democratic states. Spreading good governance, supporting social and political reform, dealing with corruption and abuse of power, establishing the rule of law and protecting human rights are the best means of strengthening the international order. "

The report of the Human Security Study Group “A Human Security Doctrine for Europe - The Barcelona Report of the Study Group on Europe's Security Capabilities” deals with the implementation of the security strategy Report of the working group on Europe's security functions, so-called Barcelona Report) from 2004. With this doctrine it proposes a guideline for the measures of the top representatives of the member states, the politicians in the member states, diplomats and soldiers alike. The three elements of this report for the implementation of the security strategy include (1.) the establishment of seven principles for operations in situations of serious uncertainty, (2.) the establishment of a "Human Security Response Force" and (3.) the Creation of new legal frameworks that regulate both the decision to intervene and the measures on site. The so-called Madrid Report of the Human Security Working Group from 2007, "A European Way of Security - The Madrid Report of the Human Security Study Group comprising a Proposal and Background Report" (A European Security Model - The Madrid Report of the Human Security Working Group, including a proposal and a background report), also calls for a declaration of the principles of human security on the part of the member states, which, however, did not occur. In the report of the Council of the European Union of 2008 on the implementation of the European Security Strategy “Creating Security in a Changing World”, the concept of human security was even explicitly mentioned: The Member States of the European Union “[…] have worked to build human security , by reducing poverty and inequality, promoting good governance and human rights, assisting development, and addressing the root causes of conflict and insecurity. "

Use case peace operations

The concept of human security goes beyond purely military measures and can better take into account multidimensional peace operations, which contributes to increasing the appreciation of the benefits of the concept, especially in post-conflict situations. The aim is - in the sense of improving the situation of the people affected - to counteract the emergence of a conflict and not only reactively intervene in a conflict situation. In the event of a crisis, civil society should be involved in the handling as a major player. This is to prevent a hierarchical (top-down) structure from occurring. Rather, a bottom-up structure should be created that is aimed at “local ownership” and creates sustainable stabilization in the form of constitutional and democratic states. Particularly the most vulnerable groups of the population, such as women, children, refugees, internally displaced persons and members of minorities, should be given special protection. Even if aspects of the human security approach can already be found in practice, there are still many deficits in this regard in the UN peace operations and in EU crisis management. These include the neglect of human rights, the emphasis on the security of the state instead of the security of the population and the inadequate implementation of civil-military cooperation. One approach is the elaboration of a strategic plan for peace missions to meet the objectives (for mainstreaming) of the concept of human security in order to optimize peace operations. This strategic plan contains seven points that can be outlined as follows:

  • the deepening clarification of the interaction between the concepts of human security, human rights and human development;
  • the assessment of human security even before the intervention in the crisis region;
  • involving the contribution of non-state actors already in the planning phase and beyond;
  • ensuring that conceptual developments of human security are put to the test through the collaboration of academics and practitioners;
  • informing the host states about the advantages of the concept in order to avoid misunderstandings and rejection;
  • the designation of Human Security by their name to draw attention to the concept and its evolution and
  • testing the potential of the human security principles in the field. The importance of the concept of human security for the success of peace operations by the United Nations and the European Union is increasingly recognized.

The emphasis on human security in the context of peace operations corresponds to the general trend towards the humanization of international law.

Threats

According to Elmar Altvater , there are the following areas in which human security is threatened in the 21st century:

World Risk Index and World Risk Report

The Alliance Development Helps has published the World Risk Report 2011 in cooperation with the Institute for Environment and Human Security of the United Nations University in Bonn (UNU) . The central element of the report is the world risk index . It represents the disaster risk for 173 countries. The world risk report aims to move from the mostly short-term view of disasters to long-term planning taking into account aspects such as risk management , prevention and protection of particularly vulnerable groups.

literature

Books

  • Amitav Acharya / Subrat K. Singhdeo / M. Rajaretnam (Ed.), Human Security: From Concept to Practice: Case Studies from Northeast India and Orissa, Singapore 2011.
  • Shannon D. Beebe / Mary Kaldor , The Ultimate Weapon is no Weapon: Human Security and the New Rules of War and Peace, New York 2010.
  • Wolfgang Benedek / Christopher Daase / Vojin Dimitrijevic / Petrus van Duyne (eds.), Transnational Terrorism, Organized Crime and Peace Building. Human Security in the Western Balkans, London 2010.
  • Wolfgang Benedek / Matthias C. Kettemann / Markus Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, London 2011.
  • Hans Günter Brauch et al. (Ed.), Facing Global Environmental Change. Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts, Vol. 4: Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, Berlin / Heidelberg 2009
  • David Chandler / Nik Hynek (eds.), Critical perspectives on human security: rethinking emancipation and power in international relations, Oxon 2011.
  • Tobias Debiel / Sascha Werthes (Eds.), Human Security on Foreign Policy Agendas. Changes, Concepts and Cases, INEF-Report 80, Duisburg 2006.
  • Denise Garcia , Disarmament diplomacy and human security: regimes, norms, and moral progress in international relations, Oxon 2011.
  • Marlies Glasius / Mary Kaldor (eds.), A Human Security Doctrine for Europe Project, Principles, Practicalities, London 2008.
  • Denisa Kostovicova / Marlies Glasius (eds.), Bottom-Up Politics: An Agency-Centered Approach to Globalization, Hampshire 2011.
  • Birgit Mahnkopf (Ed.), Global Public Goods - for Human Security and Peace, Berlin 2003.
  • Mary Martin / Mary Kaldor (eds.), The European Union and Human Security External Interventions and Missions, London 2010.
  • Mary Martin / Taylor Owen (eds.), Handbook on Human Security, London 2012 (forthcoming).
  • Shiro Okubo / Louise Shelley (eds.), Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking: Asian and Western Perspectives, Oxon 2011.
  • Michael R. Redclift / David Manuel-Navarrete / Mark Pelling , Climate Change and Human Security: The Challenge to Local Governance Under Rapid Coastal Urbanization, Cheltenham 2011
  • Jaqueline Stein-Kaempfe , Human Security - Aspects of International Law in an International Security Concept at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Berlin 2008.
  • Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh / Anuradha Chenoy , Human Security Concepts and implications, London 2006.
  • Claudia Ulbert / Sascha Werthes (eds.), Human Security. Global challenges and regional perspectives, Baden-Baden 2008.
  • Sascha Werthes / Corinne Heaven / Sven Vollnhals, Assessing Human Insecurity Worldwide. The Way to A Human (In) Security Index, INEF-Report 102, Duisburg 2011.
  • Andrej Zwitter , Human Security, Law and the Prevention of Terrorism, London 2010.

Magazines

  • Human Security Journal (HSJ), CERI Program for Peace and Human Security at Sciences Po, Paris.
  • Human Security Perspectives, HUMSEC Project, online .
  • International Social Science Journal 2008, Rethinking Human Security, Moufida Goucha / John Crowley (eds.).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, New York 1994, pp. 24 ff.
  2. ↑ See The Global Development Research Center .
  3. ^ Arcudi , La sécurité entre permanence et changement, Relations Internationales 2006, p. 101 ff.
  4. ^ Paris , Human Security - Paradigm Shift or Hot Air ?, International Security 2001, 87, 96 ff.
  5. ↑ Kettemann , Lessons from Libya: A Test Case for Human Security Mainstreaming ?, HSP 2011, 40.
  6. ↑ Oberleitner , Human Security, in: Forsythe et al. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Oxford 2009, Vol. II, pp. 486, 48.
  7. ↑ Khong , Human Security: A Shotgun Approach to Alleviating Human Misery ?, Global Governance 2001, 231, 232 ff. Specifically on the EU: Matlary , Much ado about little: the EU and human security, International Affairs 2008, 131, 140 ff.
  8. ↑ VN Doc. A / 64/701 of March 8, 2010, Rn. 72.
  9. ↑ Benedek / Kettemann / Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, London 2011; see Monday , book review: Wolfgang Benedek / Matthias C. Kettemann / Markus Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, in: Benedek et al., European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011 , Vienna, Graz 2011, p. 561 f.
  10. ^ UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, New York 1994, pp. 24 ff.
  11. ↑ Benedek , International Law Status and Significance of the Concept of Human Security for UN and European Peace Missions, in: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, Increased Human Rights Requirements for Multilateral Peace Missions? - "Human security" as a challenge for international peace policy, Günter-Druck GmbH, Georgsmarienhütte 2010, pp. 16, 21.
  12. ^ Roosevelt , State of the Union Address to the Congress , Jan. 6, 1941.
  13. ↑ VN Doc. A / 59/2005 of March 21, 2005, German translation, Appendix, p. 38 ff.
  14. ↑ Kettemann , Harmonizing International Constitutional Law and Security: the Contribution of the Concept of Human Security, in: Eberhard et al. (Ed.), Constitutional Limits to Security - Proceedings of the 4th Vienna Workshop on International Constitutional Law, Vienna 2009, pp. 107, 128.
  15. ↑ Oberleitner , Porcupines in Love: The Intricate Convergence of Human Rights and Human Security, European Human Rights Law Review 2006, 588, 605 f.
  16. ↑ Benedek , Human security and human rights interaction, International Social Science Journal - Rethinking Human Security, 2008, 7, 15 f .; UNESCO, Education for Sustainable Development: online .
  17. ↑ Benedek , Right to Education, in: Benedek (Ed.), Understanding Human Rights - Handbook on Human Rights Education, Vienna / Graz 2009, pp. 243, 245 f.
  18. ↑ Oberleitner , Human Security and Human Rights, ETC Occasional Paper Series No. 8, 2002, p. 28.
  19. ^ Benedek , Mainstreaming human security in United Nations and European Union peace and crisis management operations - Policies and practice, in: Benedek et al. (Ed.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potentials, London 2010, pp. 13, 16.
  20. ↑ VN Doc. A / RES / 60/1 of October 24, 2005, Rn. 143; VN Doc. A / 64/701 of March 8, 2010, Rn. 72.
  21. ↑ Stein-Kaempfe , Human Security - Aspects of International Law of an International Security Concept at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Berlin 2008, pp. 190 ff.
  22. ^ UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, New York 1994.
  23. ↑ Foreign Ministry Austria, Human Security Network ( Memento of the original dated February 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmeia.gv.at
  24. ^ Foreign Ministry Austria, Ferrero-Waldner: Human rights as a driving force for human security , December 10, 2002.
  25. ↑ Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now , New York 2003, p. IV.
  26. ↑ ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, 2001, esp. P. 15, http://www.iciss.ca/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf ( Memento of May 13, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) .
  27. ^ Human Security Center, Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century, New York 2005 and Human Security Brief 2006/2007, www.hsrgroup.org
  28. ↑ Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2009/2010 .
  29. ↑ See Human Security Research .
  30. ↑ More information at: www.humansecurityindex.org ; Hastings , From Human Development to Human Security: A Prototype Human Security Index, UNESCAP Working Paper, 2009.
  31. ↑ Hastings, The Human Security Index: An Update and a New Release  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , HumanSecurityIndex.org 2011, p. 1.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.humansecurityindex.org  
  32. ↑ More information at: Werthes / Heaven / Vollnhals, Assessing Human Insecurity Worldwide. The Way to A Human (In) Security Index ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , INEF Report 102, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / inef.uni-due.de
  33. ↑ UN Doc. A / 54/2000 of March 27, 2000.
  34. ↑ VN Doc. A / 59/2005 of March 21, 2005, German translation, Appendix, p. 62, Rn. 2.
  35. ↑ VN Doc. A / 59/2005 of March 21, 2005, German translation, Appendix, p. 38 ff.
  36. ↑ VN Doc. A / 64/701 of March 8, 2010, Rn. 4th
  37. ↑ VN Doc. A / 64/701 of March 8, 2010, Rn. 72. On this, Benedek / Kettemann / Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, London 2011; see Monday , book review: Wolfgang Benedek / Matthias C. Kettemann / Markus Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, in: Benedek et al., European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011 , Vienna, Graz 2011, p. 561 f.
  38. ↑ VN Doc. A / RES / 60/1 of October 24, 2005, Rn. 143, 138 ff.
  39. ↑ Benedek , International Law Status and Significance of the Concept of Human Security for UN and European Peace Missions, in: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, Increased Human Rights Requirements for Multilateral Peace Missions? - "Human security" as a challenge for international peace policy, Georgsmarienhütte 2010, pp. 16, 21.
  40. ↑ More information under: Thematic Debate on May 22, 2008: “General Assembly Thematic Debate on Human Security” .
  41. ↑ VN Doc. A / 64/701 of March 8, 2010.
  42. ↑ VN Doc.GA / 10944 of May 21, 2010.
  43. ↑ VN Doc.GA / 11072 of April 14, 2011.
  44. ↑ Kaldor / Martin / Selchow , Human security: a new strategic narrative for Europe, International Affairs 2007, 273.
  45. ↑ European Security Strategy, A secure Europe in a better world , Brussels, December 12, 2003, p. 10.
  46. ↑ Human Security Study Group, A European Way of Security: The Madrid Report of the Human Security Study Group comprising a Proposal and Background Report , Madrid 2007, p. 14.
  47. ^ A b Human Security Study Group, A European Way of Security: The Madrid Report of the Human Security Study Group comprising a Proposal and Background Report , Madrid 2007.
  48. ↑ Council of the European Union, S407 / 08 of December 11, 2008, p. 2, emphasis added.
  49. ↑ Benedek / Kettemann / Möstl , A roadmap towards mainstreaming human security, in: Benedek et al. (Ed.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potentials, London 2011, pp. 245, 254 ff .; see Monday , book review: Wolfgang Benedek / Matthias C. Kettemann / Markus Möstl (eds.), Mainstreaming Human Security in Peace Operations and Crisis Management - Policies, Problems, Potential, in: Benedek et al., European Yearbook on Human Rights 2011 , Vienna, Graz 2011, p. 561 f.
  50. ↑ Cf. Benedek , International Law Status and Significance of the Concept of Human Security for UN and European Peace Missions, in: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, Increased Human Rights Requirements for Multilateral Peace Missions? - "Human security" as a challenge for international peace policy, Georgsmarienhütte 2010, pp. 16, 25.
  51. ↑ Elmar Altvater: "Human Security" - Development History and Political DemandsWG Peace Research
  52. ↑ WorldRiskReport 2011 are disasters preventable? ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ehs.unu.edu
  53. ↑ World Risk Report 2011 - Factsheet ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weltrisikobericht.de
  54. ↑ World Risk Report 2011 ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 10.2 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weltrisikobericht.de
  55. ↑ Civil protection: How can the consequences of a disaster be mitigated? , dpa, Focus, June 16, 2012