Mutoscope
The mutoscope was a device for showing moving images based on the principle of the stroboscope .
In the Mutoskop, a large number of photographic series images are attached to rigid cardboard sheets radially on a shaft . When the shaft rotates, the leaves are briefly stopped one after the other by a stop on the housing and thus show themselves to the viewer through the viewing opening for a fraction of a second.
As with the kinetoscope , the overall impression of these rapidly successive and briefly stationary images is that of a single moving film.
history
A first patent for a stereo animation reformer was granted to Coleman Sellers in 1861. In 1894, Herman Casler applied for a mutoscope patent. It was the first in a series of mutoscopes of various types for the American Mutoscope Company , which expanded it worldwide. There were mutoscopes for domestic use or for use by sales representatives. More widespread, however, were the free-standing devices that invited people to watch a short animation in public places. In France, Léon Gaumont produced a large number of these devices as a licensee for the European market. In 1909, the American Mutoscope Co. discontinued mutoscope production and only resumed it in the 1920s by William Rabkin.
Timetable
- from 1600: Flip book - flip book with individual images
- from 1671: Laterna magica - magic lantern: early device for image projection
- from 1825: Thaumatrop - miracle disc with two threads
- from 1830: Phenakistiskop - phantascope, miracle wheel or wheel of life
- from 1832: stroboscope - magic disks: flash unit
- from 1834: Zoetrop - miracle drum with slots
- from 1861: Mutoskop - stereo animation sheets per stroboscope
- from 1877: Praxinoscope - electrical high-speed viewer using a mirror arrangement
- from 1879: Zoopraxiskop - projection device for chronophotographically generated serial images
- from 1880: Kaiserpanorama - popular mass medium with stereoscopic picture series
- from 1886: Electrotachyscope - projection device for row images
- from 1891: Kinetoskop - first film viewer
literature
- Wiebke K. Fölsch, Book Film Kinetics, On the Pre- and Early History of Daumenkino, Mutoskop & Co. (Livre Film Cinétique, Préhistoire du flip book, mutoscope & co .; Book Film Kinetics, On the Pre- and Early History of Flick Books , Mutoscopes & Similar Devices) , publ .: Freie Universität Berlin, 2011, ISBN 978-3-929-619-64-5 , German with summaries in English and French