Flip books

A flip book ( English flip book ) is a Abblätterbuch which - like the movie - the stroboscopic movement takes advantage and enables the viewer to a sequence of frames to be regarded as a continuous sequence. The rapid peeling of a collection of related phase images creates the illusion of complete movement in the brain. The received story can be interactively influenced by the viewer in terms of speed. The thumb cinema can be seen as the forerunner of cinematographic projection .

Play media file

Video: scene with soccer players (10 seconds; 2016)

Designations

In German, the terms “Abblätterbuch” and “Taschenkino” were used in the past, but now the word “flip book” has become widely accepted. The US-American name flip book (from the verb to flip over or to flip through to “leaf through”) is also used in France (also folioscope or kineograph ). In the UK, on the other hand, it is called flick book or flicker book . The clear reference to cinema can already be found in other older Anglo-Saxon terms such as thumb cinema, flip movie, fingertip movie or living picture book .

history

The kineograph (illustration by John Barnes Linnet 1886)

As an early forerunner of the flip book , the series of miniatures of the manuscript Cod. Pal. Germ. 67 viewed from the workshop of Ludwig Henfflin (around 1470). The first thumb-book-like books, according to today's perception, were found around 1600. However, it was not until the French Pierre Hubert Desvignes that some ascribed the idea of the first flip-book around 1860, at least with regard to the animation of various picture phases. John Barnes Linnett, a printer from Birmingham, then received the first patent for a "flip book" under the name The Kineograph a new optical Illusion on March 18, 1868 (British Patent, No. 925). In 1894, the German film pioneer Max Skladanowsky was initially only able to view his first test recordings as a flip book, as there was as yet no projector for the film material exposed in the film camera "Crankcase 1", which he himself constructed . The flipbooks were undoubtedly important midwives of the film; they initiated the transition from photography to cinema. All the important film pioneers experimented with them, such as Eadweard Muybridge , Étienne-Jules Marey, the Skladanowski brothers in Berlin, the Lumière brothers in Lyon and Thomas Edison .

From 1897 the English film technician Henry William Short marketed a flip book in a metal holder under the name Filoscope , with a short lever supposed to make it easier to peel off . Similar metal sheet cases can also be found at the flip-book producer Léon Beaulieu. The Gaumont film company also patented a scrolling aid in 1909.

According to the news magazine Der Spiegel , the first hand-operated cinema should have existed long before the invention of paper. The early cartoonists used clay bowls as drawing bases , which could be turned with the thumb. Nevertheless, the clay bowls are not considered flip books. The pictures on the bowl wall gave the optical illusion of a continuous film. These clay bowls are called " zoetrope ". The so-called “ Mutoskop ”, for example, is also closely related to the flip book , whereby the individual phase images are arranged on a rotatable axis.

Iranian archaeologists found an early forerunner of the flip book in Schahr-e Suchte : several pictures of a goat are painted on a bowl from the Bronze Age . As soon as the bowl is turned, it looks like the animal is jumping and snapping at leaves.

Examples
Flip book with Charlie Chaplin
Bowl from Shahr-e Suchte
Redrawing the sequence of images

Flip book festivals

The Akademie Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart hosted the first international flip-book festival in 2004. The artist group Böller und Brot combined the structure of a film festival with the print medium of flip books for the first time. Since 2005 there has also been an Austrian flip-book festival that takes place in Linz . In 2005, a flip book exhibition took place in the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf , in which over a hundred artists from all over the world took part and many historical flip books were shown; there was an extensive catalog here. In March 2006 the first flip book festival took place in Hanover. In 2007 and 2009 there were major flip book exhibitions in Rennes and at the Center Georges-Pompidou in Paris . In 2009 Famusfilm organized a flip book contest in Berlin. The Napa Flip Book Competition is an annual flip-book competition .

Timetable

from 1600: Flip book - flip book with individual images
from 1671: Laterna magica - magic lantern: early device for image projection
from 1825: Thaumatrop - miracle disc with two threads
from 1830: Phenakistiskop - phantascope, miracle wheel or wheel of life

from 1832: stroboscope - magic disks: flash unit

from 1834: Zoetrop - miracle drum with slots

from 1861: Mutoskop - stereo animation sheets per stroboscope

from 1877: Praxinoscope - electrical high-speed viewer using a mirror arrangement

from 1879: Zoopraxiskop - projection device for chronophotographically generated serial images

from 1880: Kaiserpanorama - popular mass medium with stereoscopic picture series

from 1886: Electrotachyscope - projection device for row images

from 1891: Kinetoskop - first film viewer

literature

Wiebke K. Fölsch, Book Film Kinetics, On the Pre- and Early History of Daumenkino, Mutoskop & Co. (Livre Film Cinétique, Préhistoire du flip book, mutoscope & co .; Book Film Kinetics, On the Pre- and Early History of Flick Books , Mutoscopes & Similar Devices) , publ .: Freie Universität Berlin, 2011, ISBN 978-3-929619-64-5 , German with summaries in English and French

Daniel Gethmann (Ed.): Flip book . Edition Snoek, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-936859-26-4 (catalog of the exhibition of the same name at the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf from May 7 to July 17, 2005).

Web links

Commons : Flipbook - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Flip book - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Footnotes

↑ Johannes Schnurr: flip books of the Middle Ages. How 600 year old pictures learned to walk in the computer. In: The time . No. 16, 2004, April 7, 2004, accessed April 2, 2020.
↑ A presentation of images of the manuscript as a “flip book” cartoon is provided by Spyra / Effinger: Cod. Pal. germ. 67 , UB-Heidelberg, 09/2008; accessed April 7, 2020.
^ Pascal Fouché: Historique des Flip books. In: flipbook.info. 2019, accessed on November 24, 2019 (French). Ibid as scans the patent from 1868: AD 1868, 18th March N ° 925: Producing Optical Illusions. June 20, 2009 (English).
↑ Message: Archeology: Cinema of the Bronze Age. In: Der Spiegel . No. 13, March 22, 2008, accessed April 9, 2020.

[1] Johannes Schnurr: flip books of the Middle Ages. How 600 year old pictures learned to walk in the computer. In: The time . No. 16, 2004, April 7, 2004, accessed April 2, 2020.

[2] A presentation of images of the manuscript as a “flip book” cartoon is provided by Spyra / Effinger: Cod. Pal. germ. 67 , UB-Heidelberg, 09/2008; accessed April 7, 2020.

[3] Pascal Fouché: Historique des Flip books. In: flipbook.info. 2019, accessed on November 24, 2019 (French). Ibid as scans the patent from 1868: AD 1868, 18th March N ° 925: Producing Optical Illusions. June 20, 2009 (English).

[4] Message: Archeology: Cinema of the Bronze Age. In: Der Spiegel . No. 13, March 22, 2008, accessed April 9, 2020.