Nagasaki bugyō

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Center of Nagasaki towards the end of the 17th century. From: Engelbert Kaempfer: The History of Japan. 1727

Nagasaki bugyō ( Japanese 長崎 奉行 ) was the official designation for high officials during the rule of the Tokugawa in Japan in the Edo period , who administered the port city of Nagasaki . Such posts existed in other important cities and are collectively called ongoku bugyō ("administrator for / in the distant provinces").

In western descriptions they are called governors, magistrates or commissioners.

tasks

In the course of the reorganization of relations with other countries, access to the Japanese archipelago was reduced by the Tokugawa government ( Bakufu ) to "four gates" ( yotsu no kuchi 四 つ の 口 ) in the first half of the 17th century . One of them was the port town of Nagasaki, the only port of call for Chinese merchant ships and the ships of the Dutch East India Company . Because of its importance, the city was directly subordinate to the government and administered by governors. Usually two governors were appointed. While one was in office in Nagasaki, the second stayed in Edo , the seat of the Shogun. After a year they changed their seat. This should avoid a possible entanglement with Nagasaki's local society and enable mutual control of the administration. Occasionally there were also three Nagasaki governors.

In addition to the administration of the city and supervision of the population, her most important task was to monitor the incoming ships and the trade, the Europeans living in the Dutch trading post Dejima as well as the Chinese housed in the Chinese quarter ( Tōjinyashiki 唐人 屋, ), as well as collecting messages on the situation and development in the East Asian region as well as in Europe and, last but not least, the exploration of scientific and technological developments. The trips of the head of the Dutch factory to Edo (farm trip) were supervised and directed by officials of the governorate. The governor also had jurisdiction over the locals and (in coordination with the central government) the foreigners. The crew of ships stranded in the Kyushu area by storms , mostly Koreans, were usually brought to Korea via Tsushima after interrogation by the governor .

income

The office was seen as a springboard for higher tasks. Some governors later rose to the top of the empire. The official annual rice income of 1000 koku was far exceeded by the additional income. Governors were able to purchase ex and imported goods tax-free under the pretext of goods inspection ( o-shirabemono 御 調 物 ) and sell them in Kyoto and Osaka with great profit . On the 1st day of the 8th month ( hassaku 八 朔 ) there were financial statements of thanks ( hassaku-gin 八 朔 銀 ) by the local traders, officials etc. Local trade were involved. The office was therefore highly sought-after. Some aspirants put enormous sums of money in bribes in Edo, but these were taken back in a short time after being hired.

Problems

So it is not surprising that the official export and import bans, as well as the ban on small private businesses and the passing on of certain objects, were not enforced too eagerly by many governors. Even Engelbert Kaempfer had to make no effort his cards, maps and other objects out of the country. The authorities only took action when you couldn't look away. So z. B. the famous "Siebold Incident" (also called "Siebold Affair") in 1828, when a typhoon drove the ship onto the beach shortly before sailing and had to be unloaded. The huge collection hidden on board by the doctor and Japan researcher Philipp Franz von Siebold could not be ignored.

List of Nagasaki Governors

  • Ogasawara Tamemune ( 小 笠原 一 庵 , 1603–1604)
  • Hasegawa Shigeyoshi ( 長谷川 重 吉 , 1604–1605)
  • Hasegawa Fujihiro ( 長谷川 藤 広 , 1605–1614)
  • Hasegawa Fujimasa ( 長谷川 藤 正 , 1614–1626)
  • Mizuno Morinobu ( 水 野 守信 , 1626–1629)
  • Soga Hisasuke ( 曽 我 古 祐 , 1633–1634)
  • Takenaka Shigeyoshi ( 竹 中 重 義 , 1629–1634)
  • Sengoku Hisataka ( 仙 石久隆 , 1633–1634)
  • Imamura Masanaga ( 今 村 正 長 , 1633–1634)
  • Kano Motokatsu ( 神 尾 元 勝 , 1634–1638)
  • Sakakibara Motonao ( 榊 原 職 直 , 1634–1641)
  • Ōkōchi Masakatsu ( 大 河内 正 勝 , 1638–1640)
  • Tsuge Masatoki ( 柘 植 正 時 , 1640–1642)
  • Baba Toshishige ( 馬 場 利 重 , 1642–1650)
  • Yamazaki Masanobu ( 山崎 正 信 , 1642–1650)
  • Kurokawa Masanao ( 黒 川 正直 , 1650–1665)
  • Kaishō Masanobu ( 甲 斐 庄 正 述 , 1651–1660)
  • Tsumaki Shigenao ( 妻 木 頼 熊 , 1660–1662)
  • Shimada Morimasa ( 島 田守政 , 1662–1666)
  • Inō Masatomo ( 稲 生 正 倫 , 1665–1666)
  • Matsudaira Takami ( 稲 生 正 倫 , 1665–1666)
  • Kōno Michisada ( 河野 通 定 , 1666–1671)
  • Ushigome Shigeyasu ( 牛 込 重 忝 , 1671–1681)
  • Okano Tadaaki ( 岡野 貞 明 , 1672–1680)
  • Kawaguchi Munetsune ( 川口 宗 恒 , 1680–1693)
  • Miyagi Masayoshi ( 宮城 和 浦 , 1681–1686)
  • Ōzawa Mototetsu ( 大 沢 基哲 , 1686–1687)
  • Yamaoka Kagesuke ( 山岡 景 助 , 1687–1694)
  • Miyagi Tomosumi ( 宮城 和 澄 , 1687–1696)
  • Kondō Mochikage ( 近藤 用 景 , 1694–1701)
  • Niwa Nagamori ( 丹羽 長 守 , 1695–1702)
  • Suwa Yorikage ( 諏 訪 頼 蔭 , 1696–1698)
  • Ōshima Yoshinari ( 大 島 義 也 , 1699–1703)
  • Hayashi Tadaaki ( 林忠 朗 , 1699–1703)
  • Nagai Naochika ( 永 井 直 允 , 1702–1709)
  • Bessho Hisaharu (?) ( 別 所 常 治 , 1702–1711)
  • Ishio Ujinobu ( 石 尾 氏 信 , 1703–1705)
  • Sakuma Nobunari ( 佐 久 間 信 就 , 1703–1713)
  • Komakine Masakata ( 駒 木 根 政 方 , 1706–1714)
  • Hisamatsu Sadamochi ( 久松 定 持 , 1710–1715)
  • Ōoka Kiyosuke ( 大 岡 清 相 , 1711–1717)
  • Ishiko Masasato ( 石河 政 郷 , 1715–1726)
  • Kusakabe Hirosada ( 日下 部 博 貞 , 1717–1727)
  • Miyake Yasutaka ( 三 宅 康 敬 , 1726–1732)
  • Watanabe Nagatomo ( 渡 辺 永 倫 , 1727–1729)
  • Hosoi Yasuaki ( 細 井 安明 , 1729–1736)
  • Ōmori Tokinaga ( 大 森 時 長 , 1732–1734)
  • Kubota Tadatō ( 窪 田忠 任 , 1734–1742)
  • Hagiwara Yoshimasa ( 萩 原 美 雅 , 1736–1743)
  • Tamura Kagebō (?) ( 田 付 景 厖 , 1742–1746)
  • Matsunami Masafusa ( 松波 正房 , 1743–1746)
  • Abe Kazunobu ( 安 部 一 信 , 1746–1751)
  • Matsura Nobumasa ( 松浦 信 正 , 1748–1752)
  • Suganuma Sadahide ( 菅 沼 定 秀 , 1750–1757)
  • Ōhashi Chikayoshi ( 大橋 親 義 , 1752–1754)
  • Tsubouchi Sadao (?) ( 坪 内定 央 , 1754–1760)
  • Masaki Yasutsune ( 正 木 康 恒 , 1757–1763)
  • Ōkubo Tadaoki ( 大 久保 忠 興 , 1760–1762)
  • Ishigaya Kiyomasa ( 石谷清 昌 , 1762-1770)
  • Ōoka Tadayori ( 大 岡 忠 移 , 1763–1764)
  • Shinmi Shōei ( 新 見 正 栄 , 1765–1774)
  • Natsume Nobumasa ( 夏 目 信 政 , 1770–1773)
  • Kurihara Morisada ( 桑 原 盛 員 , 1773–1775)
  • Tsuge Masakore ( 柘 植 正 寔 , 1775–1783)
  • Kuze Hirotami ( 久 世 広 民 , 1775–1784)
  • Tsuchiya Morinao ( 土屋 守 直 , 1783–1784)
  • Tsuchiya Masanobu ( 土屋 正 延 , 1784–1785).
  • Toda Ujiharu ( 戸 田氏 孟 , 1784–1786)
  • Matsura Nobukiyo ( 松浦 信 桯 , 1785–1787)
  • Mizuno Tadamichi ( 水 野 忠 通 , 1786–1792)
  • Sueyoshi Toshitaka ( 末 吉利隆 , 1787–1789)
  • Nagai Naokado ( 永 井 直 廉 , 1789–1792)
  • Hiraga Sadae ( 平 賀 貞 愛 , 1792–1797)
  • Takao Nobutomi ( 高 尾 信 福 , 1793–1795)
  • Nakagawa Tadateru ( 中 川 忠 英 , 1795–1797)
  • Matsudaira Takamasu ( 松 平 貴 強 , 1797–1799)
  • Asahina Masamoto ( 朝 比 奈 昌 始 , 1798–1800)
  • Hida Yoritsune ( 肥田 頼 常 , 1799–1806)
  • Naruse Masasada ( 成 瀬 正定 , 1801–1806)
  • Magaribuchi Kagerō ( 曲 淵 景 露 , 1806-1812)
  • Matsudaira Yasuhide ( 松 平 康 英 , 1807–1808)
  • Tsuchiya Kadonao (?) ( 土屋 廉 直 , 1809–1813)
  • Tōyama Kagekuni / Kagemichi ( 遠 山景 晋 , 1812–1816)
  • Makino Shigetake ( 牧野 成 傑 , 1813–1815)
  • Matsuyama Naoyoshi ( 松山 直 義 , 1815–1817)
  • Kanazawa Chiaki ( 金 沢 千秋 , 1816–1818)
  • Tsutsui Masanori ( 筒 井 政 憲 , 1817–1821)
  • Mamiya Nobumoto ( 間 宮 信 興 , 1818–1822)
  • Hijikata Katsumasa ( 土 方勝政 , 1821–1827)
  • Takahashi Shigekata ( 高橋 重 賢 , 1822–1826)
  • Honda Masakazu (?) ( 本 多 正 収 , 1826–1830)
  • Ōkusa Takayoshi ( 大 草 高 好 , 1826–1833)
  • Makino Narifumi ( 牧野 成文 , 1830–1836)
  • Kuze Hiromasa ( 久 世 広 正 , 1833–1839)
  • Togawa Yasuzumi ( 戸 川安 清 , 1835–1842)
  • Taguchi Yoshiyuki ( 田 口 喜 行 , 1839–1841)
  • Yagyū Hisakane ( 柳生 久 包 , 1841–1843)
  • Izawa Masayoshi ( 伊 沢 政 義 , 1842–1845)
  • Ido Satohiro ( 井 戸 覚 弘 , 1845–1849)
  • Hiraga Katsusada ( 平 賀 勝 定 , 1846–1848)
  • Inaba Masami ( 稲 葉正申 , 1848)
  • Ōya Mitsuyoshi ( 大 屋 明 啓 , 1848–1850)
  • Naitō Tadaaki ( 内藤 忠明 , 1849-1852)
  • Isshiki Naoyasu ( 一色 直 休 , 1850)
  • Maki Yoshinori ( 牧 義 制 , 1850-1853)
  • Ōzawa Ataku (?) ( 大 沢 安 宅 , 1852–1854)
  • Mizuno Tadanori ( 水 野 忠 篤 , 1853–1854, 1857–1858)
  • Arao Narimasa ( 荒 尾 成 允 , 1854-1859)
  • Kawamura Nagataka ( 川村 修 就 , 1855-1857)
  • Ōkubo Tadahiro ( 大 久保 忠 寛 , 1857)
  • Okabe Nagatsune ( 岡 部長 常 , 1857–1861)
  • Asahina Masanaga ( 朝 比 奈 昌 寿 , 1861)
  • Takahashi Kazunuki ( 高橋 和 貫 , 1854–1862).
  • Tsumaki Yorikatsu ( 妻 木 頼 功 , 1862) representative
  • Ōkubo Tadasato ( 大 久保 忠恕 , 1862–1863)
  • Sugiura Katsukiyo ( 杉 浦 勝 静 , 1863)
  • Kyōgoku Takaaki ( 京 極高 朗 , 1863)
  • Ōmura Sumihiro ( 大村 純 熈 , 1863–1864)
  • Hattori Tsunezumi ( 服 部 常 純 , 1863–1866)
  • Asahina Masahiro ( 朝 比 奈 昌 広 , 1864–1866)
  • Gōhara Yoshinao ( 合 原 義 直 , 1865) representative
  • Kawakatsu Hirokazu ( 川 勝 広 運 , 1865) representative
  • Nose Yorifumi ( 能 勢 頼 文 , 1865–1866)
  • Tokunaga Masatoshi ( 徳 永昌 新 , 1866–1867)
  • Kawazu Sukekuni ( 河津 祐邦 , 1867–1868)
  • Nakadai Shintarō ( 中 台 信太郎 )

Individual documents and notes

  1. ↑ The catchphrase "Landesschluss" ( sakoku 鎖 国 ), which has long dominated historiography, is no longer used by specialist historians today because it suggests a hermetic seal that never existed in practice.
  2. ↑ After the Portuguese and Spaniards were expelled, the Dutch were the only western nation that was allowed to land.
  3. ↑ See Yōgakushi-jiten (1984), appendix
  4. ↑ Begged Harakiri ( Seppuku ) on the occasion of the " Phaeton incident "
  5. ↑ Responsible for negotiations with Putyatin to regulate diplomatic and commercial relations with the Russian Empire.
  6. ↑ Last Nagasaki Bugyō. Withdrawed from Nagasaki when news of the defeat of the Tokugawa troops (see Boshin War ) came in.
  7. ↑ After Kawazu's escape, handled the remaining business for a few months.

literature

  • Nichiran gakkai (ed): Yōgakushi jiten . Yûshōdō shuppan, Tōkyō 1984 （日 蘭 学会 編 『洋 学 史 事 典』 雄 松 堂 出版）
  • Toyama, Mikio: Nagasaki bugyō: Edo bakufu no mimi to me (Nagasaki governors - ears and eyes of the Edo shogunate). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1988 ISBN 978-4-12-100905-0