Negative upbringing
Negative education is a non-uniformly defined term in educational science that goes back to the educational philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).
Meaning in Rousseau
In his work Emile or about education (1762; German 1789–91) Rousseau developed the concept of a “natural education”. According to this, man is naturally good, or to put it more precisely: his dispositions can develop to his own good or to his ruin, depending on the possibility. Bad developments can be attributed to harmful social influences. Rousseau assumes that through the socialized way of life man tends or is even compelled to compare himself with his own kind, which is what led to the development of pernicious passions.
It was especially a thorn in Rousseau's side when educators focused on passions such as “competition, jealousy, envy, vanity, greed and cowardice” . Since he had little hope that such vices could be exterminated, he determined that it was the task of education to at least shield these influences in order to ensure the healthy development of the child .
“So the first upbringing must be purely negative. She must not instruct the child in virtue and truth, but must protect the heart from vice and the mind from errors. "
The active, positive engagement with the structures of civilization, such as the invention of private property, the social division of labor, with moral concepts and beliefs, is only sought after the formation of the judgment about physical appearances has been completed and Émile enters society with his educator and mentor . The "negative upbringing" thereby creates spaces and enables a judgment to be formed that is independent of social influences.
Rousseau's concept of negative upbringing cannot be understood as a form of anti-pedagogy , because the task of the educator in a modern understanding has been determined pedagogically, namely in the sense of self-activity, as it is a basic pedagogical principle in Wilhelm von Humboldt's entry into the neo-humanist concept of education has found. Rousseau's educator therefore had his hands full to keep all social (family upbringing) and social influences (civil education) out of the domestic upbringing secured by a pedagogical contract between the tutor and Émiles' biological parents.
Immanuel Kant has taken over the term and concept of "negative upbringing" from Rousseau and confirmed:
"Incidentally, I do not know what would be more necessary and important in education, and especially in the first, than negative education, both prohibitive and inhibitive."
Negative upbringing as an educational utopia
As an educational utopia , negative upbringing has a long tradition. From Plato's “ State ” to Goethe's “Pedagogical Province” (“ Wilhelm Meister ”) to the educational islands of the rural education homes in the 20th century ( reform pedagogy ), the idea has been revived again and again, often under the heading of non-education . For example, Ellen Key wrote at the turn of the century:
“Not leaving the child in peace is the greatest crime of current upbringing against the child. On the other hand, a world that is beautiful in the external as well as in the internal sense is to be created - in which the child can grow; to let it move freely in it until it reaches the unshakable limit of the rights of others - be the goal of future education. "
Negative upbringing as conservation education
Since Rousseau spoke out against reading books at an early age as a “scourge of childhood”, negative education in the field of media education is also addressed as conservation education .
With regard to moral and moral education, the ideas of negative pedagogy as preservation pedagogy in the area of gender instruction lasted the longest. Negative sex education , d. H. The shielding of children and young people from all gender issues remained the guiding principle of the educators, as did the educational approach in everyday home and school life until the end of the 20th century.
Negative pedagogy
On the basis of critical theory with its investigations into negative dialectics and the dialectics of the Enlightenment , Andreas Gruschka developed the concept of 'negative pedagogy', according to which the norm-based only theoretical emancipation process is counteracted by a practical education in immaturity and submission.
literature
- Andreas Gruschka , negative pedagogy. Introduction to pedagogy with critical theory , Wetzlar 1988.
- Otto Hansmann: About people. About education. To the citizen. Lectures on Rousseau's anthropology, pedagogy and state philosophy . Publishing house Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2012.
- Otto Hansmann: Logic of Paradox. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's paradoxes in the field of tension between philosophy, education and politics . Publishing house Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2013.
- Manfred Hohmann: The educational island. Investigations into the idea of an own world of education in Fichte, Goethe, Wyneken and Geheeb . Ratingen 1966.
- Friedrich Koch : Negative and positive sex education. An analysis of Catholic, Protestant and non-denominational enlightenment writings . Heidelberg 1971, ISBN 3-494-00665-2
- Friedrich Koch : On the negative didactics of repressive sex education. In: Westermann's educational contributions. No. 4/1971, page 191 ff.
- Lutz Koch: Negativity and Education. Basics of a negative educational theory , Weinheim 1995
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, quoted from Andreas Flitner: Konrad, the woman spoke to Mama . About education and non-education. Piper, 1985, pp. 47 .
- ↑ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emil or on education, (A) ed. by Ludwig Schmidts, UTB (13) 2001, p. 72; (B) ed., Incorporated. u. annotated by Martin Rang among collaborators. by the editor from the French. Transferred by E. Sckommodau, Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart, 1978, p. 213.
- ↑ Immanuel Kant, collection of some previously unknown small writings, ed. by Friedrich Theodor Rink , 1800, pp. 58–63, here p. 61
- ↑ Ehrenhard Skiera , Reform Education in Past and Present: A Critical Introduction , 2009, p. 94
- ↑ Ellen Key, The Century of the Child , ed. by Ulrich Herrmann, 2000, p. 78
- ↑ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emil or on Education, ed. by Ludwig Schmidts, UTB (13) 2001, p. 100
- ^ Friederike von Gross, Handbuch Medienpädagogik, 2008, p. 42
- ↑ Der Spiegel 53, 1970 Daddy's little tip