Nidda (mixed natractic)
Nidda is a treatise from the Mishnah . It is the tenth tract of the sixth order Teharot ( סֵדֶר טְהָרוֹת; German: purity), which deals with questions of ritual purity in twelve tracts. The purification regulations for women in (Orthodox) Judaism are derived from it.
etymology
The term Nidda (alternatively: Niddah )נִדָּה is from the Hebrew word stems נדד and נדהwhich roughly mean reject or expel , derived and denotes the impurity of women due to menstruation and childbirth.
content
The treatise itself explains the rules according to which the female cycle can be divided into the pure and impure phase, how different forms of bleeding are to be assessed under the aspect of ritual purity, such as bleeding in the normal cycle, after accidents or bleeding during defloration how, when and by whom an examination has to be carried out and which characteristics characterize the development of maturity from girl to woman. He also explains the different forms of impurity associated with different forms of miscarriage and normal birth. In addition, he gives rules of conduct for living together during the phase of Nidda, for example the prohibition of cohabitation with a woman during menstrual impurity. The purity regulations in connection with menstruation refer to the ritual purity laws as defined in the 3rd book of Moses ( Lev 15 EU ).
construction
The treatise itself is divided into ten sections, which deal with aspects of menstruation , childbirth and sexual intercourse between men and women, thus the related aspects of cultic purity and impurity of women and men. For this reason he is also not in the fourth order Naschim (סֵדֶר נָשִׁים/ German: women), but rather settled in the 6th part on ritual purity. Both the Babylonian and the Aramaic Gemara contain comments on the text.
The thematic structure of the text is:
- Chapters 1.1 to 1.6: Determination of impurity and transmission
- Chapters 1,7 to 2,4: Investigation of the impurity
- Chapters 2.5 to 2.7: Female Genital Bleeding
- Chapter 3: Miscarriage and Uncleanliness
- Chapter 4: Uncleanliness in Kutäerinnen , Saduzuerinnen , Gentiles , lepers and childbearing women as well as in different births
- Chapter 5, up to 5.6: contamination in adults through birth through surgery or during sexual intercourse, contamination in children
- Chapters 5,7 to 6,12: Developmental stages of girls and women and the obligations arising from post-puberty
- Chapters 6:13 and 6:14: Intermenstrual bleeding and other blood
- Chapter 7: Contaminating materials and the question of clarifying the origin
- Chapter 8: Blood stains on women or clothing and the conclusions from the respective determination of origin
- Chapters 9.1 - 9.7: Instructions for action in the event of indeterminate or indefinable blood stains
- Chapters 9.8 to 9.10 Determination of Period and Questions about Intercourse
- Chapters 9.11-10.1: Defloration and sexual intercourse in the time after
- Chapters 10.2 to 10.4: Further explanations on the investigation
- Chapters 10.5 to 18.8: Effects of post mortem, the "blood of purity" and sexual intercourse in the event of intermenstrual bleeding before menstruation
literature
- Benyamin Z. Barslai: The Mishnah. Text, translation and detailed explanation with detailed historical and linguistic introductions and text-critical appendices. 6. Toharot, 7. Nidda: (Uncleanness of woman). Text, translation and explanation along with a text-critical appendix. Founded by Georg Beer and Oscar Holtzmann. Editor: Karl H. Rengstorf . de Gruyter, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-11-002465-9 .
- Alexander Dubrau: Article “Nidda” . In: “WiBiLex” accessed online on October 27, 2013 / created 2009
- Moshe Greenberg: The etymology of "niddah" '(menstrual) impurity' . In: Ziony Zevit, Seymore Gitin, Michael Sokoloff (eds.): Solving Riddles and Untying Knots. Biblical, epigraphic, and Semitic studies in honor of Jonas C. Greenfield. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake (Indiana), 1995. (FS C. Greenfield), ISBN 0-931464-93-5 , pp. 69-77 (Festschrift for Jonas C. Greenfield)
- David Hoffmann , John Cohn, Moses Auerbach: Mischnajot. The six orders of the Mishnah. Hebrew text with punctuation, German translation and explanation. Part 6, order Toharot. Translated and explained by David Hoffmann (until Negaʿim III, 7) John Cohn (until the end of mikwaot) and Moses Auerbach (until the end). 3rd edition, Victor Goldschmidt Verlag, Basel 1986. pp. 503-557.
- Tirzah Meacham: Female Purity (Niddah) . In: Jewish Womens Archive - Jewish Women. A comprehensiv historical encyclopedia. Retrieved October 27, 2013.