Noun conservandum

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A nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda , abbreviated as nom. Cons. , English conserved name ) is a scientific name that is conserved within the biological nomenclature . Noun conservandum is a Latin expression meaning “name to be preserved”. The English and Latin names are considered to be interchangeable. For example, the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICN) uses the Latin term, while the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) prefers the English term.

The procedure for making a botanical name a nomen conservandum differs from that which is usual for a zoological name. Using the “botanical code”, names in favor of special nomina conservanda in the form of a nomen rejiciendum (plural nomina rejicienda or nomina utique rejicienda , abbreviated as nom. Rej. ) Can also be used as rejected 'rejected' or suppressed 'suppressed' . Combinations of nomina rejicienda are also called “nom. rej. ” treated.

botany

Preserve

In botanical nomenclature is conservation , preserving ' a procedure according to Article 14 of the ICN. Its purpose is

"To avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the rules, and especially of the principle of priority [...]"

"To avoid unfavorable changes to the nomenclature that would result from the strict application of the rules, in particular the principle of priority [...]"

- Art. 14.1

Conservation is only possible for family , genus or species names .

Preservation can have an impact on the original spelling, the type or (most often) the priority principle of the names.

A conservative spelling ( orthographia conservanda , abbreviated orth. Cons. , English conserved spelling ) allows the further use of a certain spelling, even if the name was published in the original with a different one: Euonymus (instead of Evonymus ), Guaiacum (instead of Guajacum ), etc. (see also orthographic variant ).
Conserved types ( typus conservandus , abbreviated typ. Cons. , English conserved types ) are often established when it is found that the type specimen actually belongs to a taxon other than the one described , if the name was generally incorrectly applied to another taxon or if the type belongs to a small group to be separated from the monophyletic mass of the taxon.
The preservation of a name against an earlier taxonomic ( heterotypical ) synonym (which has a nomen rejiciendum ) is only relevant if a single taxonomist has both types in the same taxon.

Rejection

In addition to preserving names of different ranks (Art. 14), the ICN also offers the option of non-regular refusal of names according to Article 56 ( nomen utique rejiciendum , English suppressed name ), a possibility of creating a nomen rejiciendum that is no longer used can. The non-regular rejection of a name is possible at any rank.

The rejection (suppression) of an individual name differs from the rejection of works ( opera utique oppressa ) under Article 34, which applies to the listing of certain taxonomic ranks in certain publications that are assumed to contain no valid published names.

Effects

Contradicting nomina conservanda concern the normal rules of the priority principle. Separate proposals (informally known as "super- preservation " proposals) can prevent a nomen conservandum from being adopted by others. However, the preservation has different consequences, depending on the type of name to be protected:

A conserved family name is protected against all other family names that would be based on the names of the genera considered part of the same family by taxonomists.
A conserved generic or species name is protected against all homonyms , homotypic synonyms and those specific heterotypic synonyms that are also identified as nomina rejicienda (as well as their own homotypic synonyms). As long as changes are made to the taxonomy, new suggestions for preservation or rejection can be made for additional names.

documentation

Conserved and rejected (as well as suppressed) names are listed in the appendices of the ICN. Since the 2012 code was issued (Melbourne), a separate volume has united the individual appendices (with the exception of Appendix I with the names of hybrids ). The content of the second volume is generated from a database, which also contains the history of published proposals and their results, the binding decisions on whether a name has been published validly (Article 38.4), and on whether it is a homonym (Article 53.5). This database can be queried online.

Procedure

The process begins by submitting a proposal to Taxon magazine (published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy ). This suggestion should include both reasons for and against preserving a name. The publication is addressed to everyone who is familiar with the subject and enables those interested to write a contribution to it. Publication is the beginning of the formal procedure: it counts as a reference to the subject matter of the proceedings “for the relevant committee of inquiry”, which brings Rec. 14A into effect. The question to be dealt with is to preserve (what is in question) through a recommendation ("[...] the authors should follow the current procedure as far as possible [...]").
After reviewing the proposal and evaluating its merits, “the responsible committee” will either decide against (“not recommended”) or in favor (“recommended”). The proposal is then passed on to the main committee.
After reviewing the proposal, the main committee decides either against (“not recommended”) or in favor (“recommended”), mainly from the point of view of compliance with the form. At this point in time Article 14.16 comes into force, authorizing all users to use this name.
The Main Committee reports to the Nomenclature Department of the International Botanical Congress which names (including types and spellings) are recommended for preservation. The nomenclature department then decides in accordance with Section III.1 which names (including types and spellings) are to be included in the code as accepted. In this phase, the de facto decision to change the code is made.
The plenary session of the same International Botanical Congress receives the "decision taken by the Nomenclature Department of this Congress" and decides de jure to change the code . According to tradition, this is celebrated as a solemn act.

Over time there have been different standards for the majority required to get a decision through. For decades, however, a 60% majority in the Nomenclature Department has been required for code inclusion , and the committees have followed suit; since 1996 a 60% majority has been required for a decision there too.

zoology

In zoology the term conserved name is more common than nomen conservandum ; it is also used in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , although both terms are used interchangeably in informal usage.

In the glossary of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the code for animal names, one of several nomenclature codes ) this is defined as follows:

conserved name

"A name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the Commission, by the use of its plenary power, has enabled to be used as a valid name by removal of the known obstacles to such use."

"An otherwise unavailable or invalid name that the Commission recognizes as a valid name by virtue of its plenary power and at the same time removes all known obstacles to its use."

This is a much more general definition than that for a nomen protectum , which is a specially protected name that is either a younger synonym or a homonym, which is due to the classification of an older synonym or homonym as nomen oblitum ( English forgotten name 'forgotten name' ) is in use.

An example of a conserved name is the name of the dinosaur genus Pachycephalosaurus , which was formally described in 1943. Later, the identity of the genera Tylosteus (which was formally described in 1872) and Pachycephalosaurus (which became a synonym) emerged. According to the usual rules, the name Tylosteus was preferred and normally should have been the valid name. But the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) stipulated that the name Pachycephalosaurus should be given preference and it should be used as a valid name because it is more common in common usage and better known to scientists.

The details of the ICZN procedure are different from those in botany, but the basic principle of the procedure is the same, whereby requests for review are directed to a commission.

literature

Rogers McVaugh, Robert Ross, Frans Antonie Stafleu: An annotated glossary of botanical nomenclature, with special reference to the international code of botanical nomenclature as adopted by the 10th International Botanical Congress at Edinburgh 1964 (= Regnum vegetabile . Volume 56 ). International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Utrecht 1968 (English).
Marshall R. Crosby: Pterygophyllum Brid. Noun Rejiciendum Et Illegitimum . In: Taxon . tape 21 , no. 1 , February 1972, ISSN 1996-8175 , p. 205-209 , doi : 10.2307 / 1219271 (English).

Individual evidence

↑ International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code) . 2012.
↑ ^a ^b J. H. Wiersema, J. McNeill, NJ Turland, FR Barrie, WR Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuter, DL Hawksworth: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 Appendices II – VIII (= Regnum vegetabile . Volume 157 ). Koeltz Botanical Books, Königstein 2015, ISBN 978-3-87429-480-5 (English).
↑ John H. Wiersema, John McNeill, Nicholas J. Turland, Sylvia S. Orli, Warren L. Wagner: The foundation of the Melbourne Code Appendices: Announcing a new paradigm for tracking nomenclatural decisions . In: Taxon . tape 64 , no. 5 , 2015, ISSN 1996-8175 , p. 1021-1027 , doi : 10.12705 / 645.11 (English).
↑ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II – VIII (with an accounting of proposals to conserve and reject names, to suppress works, and requests for binding decisions) . Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
↑ Article 14 . International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
↑ ^a ^b International code of zoological nomenclature =: Code international de nomenclature zoologique . 4th edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / o Natural History Museum, London 1999, ISBN 0-85301-006-4 (English, iczn.org ).

[1] International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code) . 2012.

[appendices-2] J. H. Wiersema, J. McNeill, NJ Turland, FR Barrie, WR Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuter, DL Hawksworth: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 Appendices II – VIII (= Regnum vegetabile . Volume 157 ). Koeltz Botanical Books, Königstein 2015, ISBN 978-3-87429-480-5 (English).

[3] John H. Wiersema, John McNeill, Nicholas J. Turland, Sylvia S. Orli, Warren L. Wagner: The foundation of the Melbourne Code Appendices: Announcing a new paradigm for tracking nomenclatural decisions . In: Taxon . tape 64 , no. 5 , 2015, ISSN 1996-8175 , p. 1021-1027 , doi : 10.12705 / 645.11 (English).

[4] International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II – VIII (with an accounting of proposals to conserve and reject names, to suppress works, and requests for binding decisions) . Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 30, 2016.

[5] Article 14 . International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved August 16, 2019.

[ICZN-6] International code of zoological nomenclature =: Code international de nomenclature zoologique . 4th edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / o Natural History Museum, London 1999, ISBN 0-85301-006-4 (English, iczn.org ).