Nominal rate
The nominal sentence means two different things:
- a sentence whose predicate consists of the auxiliary verb sein ( copula ) and a predicate noun ( copula sentence ). A German example of this type of sentence is: "Hans is a doctor." - "Doctor" is the predicate noun in this case.
- a sentence that does not contain a verb as a predicate.
In the sense of the last definition, Tesnière uses the center of a sentence to determine not only verbal sentences but also nominal sentences. These are noun sentences ("Tor!"), Adjective sentences ("Schön."), Adverb sentences ("Here."). Particle sets should be added ("Oh.", "Yes.").
Franz Simmler distinguishes between single and multi-part nominal clauses based on the number of clauses: In addition to one-part nominal clauses (“Tor!”, “Nice.”, “Here.”, “Ach.”, “Yes.”) There are two-part (“Ein Mann - ein Word. ”), Three-part (“ Heil you over this question! ”From Goethe's ' Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre '), four-part (“ and up the wide valley and down a storming sea in the rush of the wind ”from Goethe's ' The Sorrows of Young Werther ') and five-part (“And their meadows, I thought, and all the area around their hunting lodge, like now from the raging stream, disturbs our arbors, I thought.” from Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther ).
In addition, nominal clauses as 'nominal subordinate clauses' like verbal subordinate clauses can also have the function of a dependent sentence: "Not suitable for children under 3 years of age, as small parts can be swallowed."
In Benveniste (1974: 169) it says in a cross-lingual perspective:
- "In summary, the nominal sentence contains a nominal predicate without a verb and without a copula, and in Indo-European it is regarded as a normal expression where a possible verbal form in the 3rd person present indicative of sein would have been."
There are examples of this type in German such as “Nothing new in the West” (book title by Remarque ), “Small children - small worries, big children - big worries” (idiom).
In languages which do not form present tense forms for the copula “sein”, verbless nominal clauses are much more common. These include B. Russian , Arabic and Hebrew .
literature
- Émile Benveniste : Problems of General Linguistics. List, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-471-61428-1 , pp. 169–188: Chapter "The nominal sentence".
- Alexander Enders: nominal sentences. Their structures and functions in Goethe's novels. Weidler, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-89693-273-0
Individual evidence
- ↑ Duden . German universal dictionary. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 2007. ISBN 3-411-05506-5
- ^ Hadumod Bußmann : Lexicon of Linguistics. 3rd, updated and expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2002. ISBN 3-520-45203-0 , Duden. German universal dictionary. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 2007. ISBN 3-411-05506-5 ; Helmut Glück (Ed.), With the collaboration of Friederike Schmöe : Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 3rd, revised edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2005, ISBN 3-476-02056-8 .
- ↑ Lucien Tesnière: Elements de syntaxe structurale . Paris 1959.
- ↑ Alexander Enders: nominal sentences. Their structures and functions in Goethe's novels . Weidler, Berlin 2010: 122–125. ISBN 978-3-89693-273-0
- ^ Franz Simmler: Nominal sentences in Old High German. In: Old High German. Syntax and semantics . Lyon 1992, pp. 153-197.
- ↑ Alexander Enders: nominal sentences. Their structures and functions in Goethe's novels . Weidler, Berlin 2010: 89-92. ISBN 978-3-89693-273-0