Emergency call system 73

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The emergency call system 73 is a nationwide uniformly accessible emergency call in the telephone network of the Federal Republic of Germany , which was introduced in 1973 and through which all necessary help can be requested in an emergency . Compared to the normal telephone network, the emergency call system 73 has some special features:

  • nationwide telephone numbers (112 and 110)
  • no phone charges
  • Special interference suppression by the telecommunications company
  • Tracing of the caller through an interception circuit or when adapting the system to a digital exchange (EWSO, DIVO) through the printing of the location ID on a printer.
  • increased security

These features are intended to meet the needs of the fire brigade , police and rescue service .

Historical development of the emergency call service

Before 1948 there were roughly the following numbers for the emergency services:

With the introduction of the self-dialing remote service (SWFD), the number 0 was required as the traffic elimination number for long-distance traffic. For this reason, all numbers that began with a 0 have been changed.

From 1948 the following emergency numbers were introduced:

  • 110 = police
  • 112 = fire department

The number 111 would also have had certain advantages for the participant. The number could have been dialed with the pulse dialing method that was customary at the time by tapping the receiver fork (hook switch) three times, even if the number switch (dial) was defective. In the railway engineering (BASA) the 111 (or 1111 for larger systems) was also used for the switching / information for this reason.

This 111 was deliberately not used in public switching technology because a larger number of incorrect assignments was expected. Technical faults such as B. loose contacts could lead to the selection of this number.

One reason for choosing the number 110 was that this number could easily be felt in the dark on the number switch (with the rotary control element), as the 1 and 0 represent the two outer finger holes.

In 1955, the first emergency communications for automatic traffic were developed. These were later extended by an interception circuit and blockade activation.

Until 1969, uniform emergency numbers were only available in a few large cities in the Federal Republic of Germany. Anyone who needed help outside of this usually had to look up the number of the nearest police or fire station in the phone book. There were also no emergency control centers manned around the clock. These circumstances were the reason why 8-year-old Björn Steiger died on May 3, 1969 after a traffic accident in Winnenden : After the emergency call was canceled, it took an hour for an ambulance to arrive. Björn Steiger's father worked successfully over the next four years to ensure that uniform communication in the rescue service was possible.

In 1970 the development of a new emergency call system began.

The concept was approved on September 23, 1973.

In the GDR , from 1976 onwards, in addition to 110 and 112, rapid medical assistance was available on the national emergency number 115.

Features of the emergency call system 73

  • Uniform numbers: Introduction of a uniform emergency number throughout Germany. From all local networks, including small local networks without their own police or fire brigade, you can call the police on 110 and the fire brigade emergency number on 112 . Access is not available via an area code.
  • Location identification: An emergency telephone (e.g. on the motorway) and the emergency call alarms in the telephone booths indicate a location identification which is displayed in the emergency call center.
  • Interception circuit : The connection is always triggered by the answering station. If the connection is not released by the answering station, it is automatically held as "trapped". If necessary, the caller can be identified by tracing the connection.
  • External connection : For small locations without their own emergency call service, external connection to another local network is provided.
  • Toll-free: These emergency calls are free of charge from any telephone connection. In the case of coin-operated telephones without an emergency call, coins had to be inserted for a local call to set up a call, but these were returned after the call was ended.
  • Wrong choice evaluation: The choice of digits is evaluated. If further digits are received after dialing the emergency number, the dialing is rated as a wrong dialing. A delay of approx. 3 seconds is set up for this after the last correct digit has been selected. Only then will the connection to the answering station be continued. If further digits are dialed within this time, this connection is assessed as a wrong dialing and triggered.
  • Activation: The connection is activated backwards by the answering station after hanging up the handset, even if the calling subscriber does not hang up. This prevents the emergency number from being blocked.
  • Monitoring: The line of an emergency telephone (e.g. coin-operated telephone) and the line to the answering station are automatically monitored for interruptions or short circuits.
  • Security against manipulation.
  • Operational safety even in extreme climatic conditions.
  • Special interference suppression: Was previously carried out by the Federal Post Office on Sundays and public holidays.

With the introduction of digital switching technology, many of these features have now been implemented elsewhere, but the scope of services still exists.

Technical facilities emergency call system 73 until 1975

Emergency telephone
  • From a normal telephone connection by dialing the emergency number
  • From a payphone by dialing the emergency number, however, the coins for a local call had to be inserted, these were returned at the end of the call.
  • From a payphone with an emergency call alarm (NRM) as an additional device
  • Emergency telephone equipment, e.g. emergency call column NRT 80
  • ÖbL telephones (publicly moving land radio)
  • The required options for the special services were made available in the exchange. The emergency calls were split off via the service group selector (DGW) and forwarded to the emergency call center via an emergency message transmission (NRMUe-g).
  • In the emergency call center, the emergency message transmission-incoming (NRMUe-k) was housed with a wall closure box. This served as an interface for the police and fire brigade to connect their own emergency call station. At this point a transfer or transfer could also be carried out.

restrictions

When setting up the emergency numbers for the emergency call system 73, the following restrictions occurred:

  • In the case of local networks with three-digit or even larger numbers on subscriber lines, several emergency calls could occur at the same time, with the emergency numbers being occupied for the others after the first emergency call connection. In the case of emergency call technology 73, only one emergency call station per local network could receive the emergency number. A second emergency call no longer received a connection, only the busy tone if a first emergency call connection to the emergency call center was already set.
  • The local network did not have to match the fire brigade or police district in which the emergency call center is stationed. In small towns there was not always a fire department with an emergency call station and a police station with an emergency call station. Therefore, emergency calls had to be forwarded to the nearest local network, where there were such offices with an emergency call center. The emergency call connection then ran from the exchange to which the caller's telephone was connected, via a so-called local connection line to the exchange to which the emergency inquiry center was connected. A Fremdanschaltung was possible.

Emergency call alarm NRM

Emergency alarms in German telephone booths. Lever to the left fire department. Lever to the right emergency call (police).
  • Emergency call alarms (NRM) became necessary from the 1970s after the line from the coin operated telephone to the exchange was only occupied with the insertion of a coin. Before that, it was already assigned to pick up the handset. An emergency call had to be possible without coins. In the Federal Republic of Germany all telephone booths were therefore equipped with emergency call alarms that did not require the insertion of coins, but also did not allow any other choice than the numbers 110 and 112. It was not necessary to use the number switch to set up the emergency call connection.
  • The emergency call alarm (NRM) from the emergency call system 73 was installed as an additional device for coin-operated telephones
  • The emergency call alarm was looped into the connection line (a / b) and was very robust. The ambient temperature was allowed to range from −30 to +70 degrees. Great emphasis was placed on operational safety.
  • A power supply was not required for the emergency call alarm. Pulling the lever wound a clockwork that dialed the digits when it expired, namely the emergency number and the location identifier. The NRM only voted with the pulse dialing method .
  • The emergency call alarm was looped into the line in front of the payphone; if it was removed for repairs, the line to the telephone was automatically bridged and the payphone remained operational.
  • In today's modern digital telephone booths, a separate emergency caller is no longer necessary. The emergency numbers can be dialed directly without inserting a coin or telephone card, but they also require the correct use of the keyboard. At the NRM, pulling the lever was enough to make an emergency call

providers

The municipalities bear the telephone charges for the emergency number 112. The population is divided by the number of emergency calls received or their costs, from which the amount to be paid is then calculated.

The number 19222, which is still used as an emergency service call in some places, is not part of the emergency call system 73. This is why it is necessary to dial the area code from the mobile phone. However, you can reach an emergency call center nationwide and in most countries worldwide with 112 .

Special feature for emergency calls via mobile phone

In the mobile telephony standard GSM , which is predominantly used in Germany and Europe, special procedures are provided for emergency calls which are implemented both in the mobile phone and in the radio transmitters. The background to this is the great importance of emergency calls, which should be possible under all circumstances. Any provider available at the place of residence can be used here; if a mobile phone is registered in the “ radio hole ” - that is, at a location where the actually booked provider cannot be received - a competitor is used accordingly. Emergency calls are treated with the highest priority. For example, if there is a lack of line, another "normal" phone call currently being made may be forcibly terminated by the network in order to enable the emergency call to be put through. While normal phone calls are also terminated by the network if the signal strength / connection quality is too low, this function is switched off for emergency calls to allow the emergency call to be made even under adverse circumstances.

Until 2009 it was possible at any time to dial the emergency number 112 from a suitable mobile phone, even with a blocked SIM card or without knowing your PIN. On February 13, 2009, however, the Federal Council passed the Ordinance on Emergency Call Connections, which states that emergency calls from cell phones are only possible with an activated SIM card. The necessity for this arose from the "very frequent improper dialing of emergency numbers from cell phones without a cell phone card and the associated burden on the emergency call stations".

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ For 40 years: Emergency numbers 110 and 112 celebrate birthdays
  2. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated September 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.feuerwehr-graevenwiesbach.de
  3. ↑ anno.onb.ac.at accessed on March 12, 2019
  4. ↑ Ordinance on emergency calls. Federal Council, accessed on 23 July 2019 .