Paurometabola

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The division of living beings into systematics is a continuous subject of research. Different systematic classifications exist side by side and one after the other. The taxon treated here has become obsolete due to new research or is not part of the group systematics presented in the German-language Wikipedia.

The Paurometabola (Gr.pauros = small; metabole = to change) are a taxon of the insects (Insecta), in which the Orthopteromorpha (= cricket cockroaches (Notoptera or Grylloblattodea), earwigs (Dermaptera), catching horrors (Mantodea) and cockroaches (Blattodea)) and the Orthopteroida ( Ensifera (Ensifera), Gladiator terror (Mantophasmatodea) and stick insects (Phasmatodea)), some authors also stoneflies (Plecoptera) and embioptera (Embioptera) are summarized. The taxon is mainly used in the cladistic classification of insects.

features

The main feature of the paurometabola is that they develop in small steps from the larva to the adult, sexually mature animal ( imago ). However, this is not a derived characteristic, but an original characteristic of the new winged birds (Neoptera), which has been further developed in the Eumetabola. However, in addition to this symplesiomorphism, the following possible synapomorphies can be presented:

  • in the male genitals there is a cluster-shaped bundle of accessory glands.
  • the representatives of the group have predominantly a terrestrial way of life
  • stiff tegmina
  • the flight performance is mainly or exclusively provided by the rear wings.

In the cladistics, the paurometabola are contrasted with the eumetabola (Greek eu = good, genuine, metabole = to change).

Systematics

The taxon Paurometabola was proposed by Eugen Korschelt and Karl Heider . The taxon included the earwigs (Dermaptera), Spring terror (Orthoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), "Corrodentia and most Rhynchoten" (= dust lice (Psocoptera) and Hemiptera (Hemiptera)). It was later taken up again by Willi Hennig and narrowed down somewhat, excluding the Plecoptera, Zoraptera, Acercaria and Endopterygota. In later studies, the paurometabola was mostly rejected because its monophyly could not be justified with certainty (cf. Klass and the systematics of the Hexapoda discussed therein). In other works, the term Polyneoptera Martynov, 1923, was used instead of Paurometabola , which is essentially a synonym. In the new molecular genetic analysis of molting animals (Ecdysozoa) by Omar Rota Stabelli from 2009, however, the paurometabola is again represented as a monophylum .

Cladogram of flying insects (Pterygota) according to Ax (1999):

  Flying insects   

 Eumetabola


    Paurometabola    

 Embioptera


    Orthopteromorpha    

 Blattopteriformia


   

 Orthopteroidea





Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Willi Hennig: Insect phylogeny. 514 pp., Chichester et al. a., Wiley, 1981 ISBN 0-471-27848-3
  2. ↑ Peter Ax: The system of the Metazoa II. A textbook of phylogenetic systematics. 384 p., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart a. a., 1999 ISBN 3-437-35528-7
  3. ↑ Eugen Korschelt and Karl Heider: Textbook of the comparative development history of invertebrates. Vol. 2, Jena, G. Fischer, 1893 (p. 848) Online at archive.org
  4. ↑ K.-D. Klass: The Tribal History of the Hexapods: A Critical Discussion of Recent Data and Hypotheses. Denisia, 20, also catalogs of the Upper Austrian regional museums, New Series, 66: 413-450, 2007 PDF
  5. ↑ Omar Rota Stabelli: Molecular approaches to the study of ecdysozoan evolution. PhD thesis, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment UCL, 2009 (PDF; 2.6 MB)

literature

  • Bernhard Klausnitzer: Insecta (Hexapoda), insects. In: W. Westheide, R. Rieger (Hrsg.): Special Zoology Part 1: Protozoa and invertebrates. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart / Jena.