East Yiddish dialects

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Earlier spread of East Yiddish dialects (darker yellow) with Polish (in the west), Lithuanian-Belarusian (northeast) and Ukrainian dialect and the Courland subdialect (green dashed line on the Baltic Sea). Next to it West Yiddish dialects (lighter green). Map of Lomonosov University's Linguarium project (Russian).
Yiddish dialects with isoglosses , hatched areas of transition. The East Yiddish dialects are referred to here as Central, Northeast, and Southeast dialects. Linguarium card (Russian).

The East Yiddish dialects are part of the Yiddish language and were spoken by most of the Jews in East Central Europe and Eastern Europe . Yiddish writers, other cultural workers and philologists created the standard Yiddish language on the basis of the East Yiddish dialects.

Classification

Various classifications of the East Yiddish dialects have been developed.

The two main dialect groups of Yiddish are East Yiddish and West Yiddish . There are two clear groups in East Yiddish: o and u dialects. The former include the two most common dialects: Central East Yiddish ( Polish Yiddish ) and Southeast Yiddish ( Ukrainian or East Galician Yiddish). There are plural differences in most areas. The north-eastern group (the Lithuanian Yiddish, Lithuanian ) also shows a difference: the not further marked Lithuanian is called Sham-Lithuanian "ordinary Lithuanian" and describes the dialect that is meant when speaking of Lithuanian or northeast Yiddish without further details . The Yiddish spoken in Kurland (earlier) , the Kurlander Yiddish, is marked by clear deviations .

However, this method is not sufficient for Southeast Yiddish with described intermediate and mixed dialects. Southeast Yiddish by itself also exhibits a number of characteristics of a mixture between Central East Yiddish and Northeast Yiddish.

Features of Yiddish dialects

The diversity of forms of language affects different aspects: vocabulary , phonetics , morphology and syntax . The clearest difference between East and West Yiddish is the proportions of the languages ​​of origin: a strong Slavic component in the eastern dialects, which is almost absent in the western dialects, and the considerably higher number of words derived from Latin in the west. The main part of the classification of dialects are phonetic differences of vowels and partly also consonants .

Vocalism

The vowelism of the Yiddish dialects shows a regular alternation in all dialects. The concrete realization of a vowel varies from dialect to dialect. Today an earlier vocalism is being reconstructed. Max Weinreich , who developed a diachronic system, defined two main parameters to divide the vowels (A, E, I, O, U)::

  • 1: vowels that have been and remained short;
  • 2: vowels that have been and remained long (in dialects with long differentiation);
  • 3: initially short vowels, vowels that have been lengthened;
  • 4: historical diphthongs ;
  • 5: special group.

The a -owell is used in all Yiddish dialects except Southeast Yiddish such as "A 1 " according to the Weinreich system.

The other system of designations (suggested by Mikhl Herzog ) generally agrees with the former, but the vowel quality is denoted by digits: A = 1, E = 2, I = 3, O = 4, U = 5. a11 The concrete diaphone realization are written in small letters with the two digits in the index, e.g. B. a 11 in all dialects except the southeast, where it is ɔ 11 .

The realization of diaphonemes in Yiddish dialects are as follows:

Vowel names West Yiddish East Yiddish Examples
Duke Weinreichs south central- North - central- south general litvian Kurländer Standard Yiddish * Stage discussion * semitic German
11 A 1 a a a a ɔ a a a a חזיר, ים, כּלה אַלט, גאַסט, זאַלץ
21st E 1 ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ אמת, אפֿשר, גט געלט, העלפֿן, נעמען
31 I 1 i i i / ɛ i ɨ / i i i i ɨ טיפּש, כּישוף, מידבר דין, זילבער, פֿיש
41 O 1 ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ חגא, חכמה, יום־טובֿ װאָך, װאָלף, אָקס
51 U 1 u u O i ɨ / i u u u ɨ חוצפּה, שותּפֿות, שטות הונט, פֿרום, קומען
12 A 2 oː / ɔu oː / uː O uː / u u ɔ O ɔ u סכּנה, פּנים, פּרנסה בלאָזן, יאָר, נאָדל
22nd E 2 ɛj ɛj aj ej ej ej ej ej חלק, ספֿר, שדים אײביק, אײזל, װײטיק
32 I 2 i i i i בקיאות, מיאוס, נביאים בריװ, גיסן, זיס
42 O 2 ɔu O ɔu ɔj ɔj ej øj ɔj ɔj סוחר, שוטה, שׂונא ברױט, גרױס, װױנען
52 U 2 uː / y / yː i u u i בושה, נבֿואה, רפֿואה בוך, ברודער, שול
13 A 3 O u ɔ O ɔ u קיין באָרד, באָרװעס, פֿאָרן
24 E 4 aj ej ej ej ej ej קיין אײנס, גלײבן, פֿלײש
34 I 4 aj əj ɛj a aj aj aj aj מעשה, מאכל בײַטן, פֿײַן, צײַטן
44 O 4 ɔj ɔj ej øj ɔj ɔj קיין בױם, דערלױבט, קױפֿן
54 U 4 ɔu əu ɔu oː / ou u ɔj ouch ɔj ɔj קיין בױך, בױען, פֿױל
25th E 5 eː / ɛj egg ej ej / ɨ / i ɛ ɛ ej טבע, פּלא, רגע זען, מער, קעז

"*" cultivated language

Other characteristics of the Lithuanian dialect

  • There is no such thing as a neutral gender .
  • Instead of standard and South Yiddish you and me is said to you and me .
  • Instead of the standard and südjiddischen prefix cement is to- used, for example admixing instead of standard language zemischt (mixed)

Other features of the Polish dialect

  • In addition to the personal pronoun ir, ajch , which is also known in Standard, Northeast and Southeast Yiddish , the originally dual forms ez, enk are used.

credentials

  1. J. Baumgarten (2002) Les recherches sur la dialectologie yiddish et leurs répercussions sur le champ linguistique. Revue Germanique Internationale 17 : 65–79
  2. ^ A. Beider (2010): Yiddish proto-vowels and German dialects. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 22 : 23-92
  3. J. Bin-Nun (1973) Yiddish and the German dialects. Niemeyer, Tübingen, xii + 402 pp
  4. ^ NG Jacobs (2005) Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, xx + 327 ff
  5. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  6. M. Weinreich (2008) History of the Yiddish Language, Yale University Press געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך: באַגריפֿן, פֿאַקטן, מעטאָדן. (1973) געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך: באַגריפֿן, פֿאַקטן, מעטאָדן. Yivo, New York, in four volumes
  7. ^ SA Birnbaum (1979) Yiddish: a Survey and a Grammar. University of Toronto Press, 400 ff
  8. ^ NG Jacobs (2005) Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, xx + 327 ff
  9. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  10. ^ SA Birnbaum (1979) Yiddish: a Survey and a Grammar. University of Toronto Press, 400 ff
  11. ^ N. Jacobs (1994) Structure, standardization and diglossia: the case of Courland Yiddish. In: DCG Lorenz and G. Weinberger (eds) Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish and Gentile Culture in Germany and Austria : 89–99
  12. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  13. M. Weinreich (1923) שטאַפּלען. פיר עטיודן צו דער יידישער שפּראַכוויסנשאַפט און ליטעראַטורגעשיכטע. פֿאַרלאַג "װאָסטאָק", בערלין, 260 זז׳
  14. ^ SA Birnbaum (1979) Yiddish: a Survey and a Grammar. University of Toronto Press, 400 ff
  15. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  16. D. Katz (1988) Origins of Yiddish dialectology. Language & Communication 8 : 39-55
  17. ^ P. Glasser (2008): Regional variation in Southeastern Yiddish. Historical inferences. In: M. Herzog, U. Kiefer, R. Neumann, W. Putschke, A. Sunshine (eds): EYDES (Evidence of Yiddish Documented in European Societies): 71-82
  18. M. Weinreich (2008) History of the Yiddish Language, Yale University Press געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך: באַגריפֿן, פֿאַקטן, מעטאָדן. (1973) געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך: באַגריפֿן, פֿאַקטן, מעטאָדן. Yivo, New York, in four volumes
  19. ^ NG Jacobs (2005) Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, xx + 327 ff
  20. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  21. ^ SA Birnbaum (1979) Yiddish: a Survey and a Grammar. University of Toronto Press, 400 ff
  22. ^ N. Jacobs (1994) Structure, standardization and diglossia: the case of Courland Yiddish. In: DCG Lorenz and G. Weinberger (eds) Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish and Gentile Culture in Germany and Austria : 89–99
  23. ^ NG Jacobs (2005) Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, xx + 327 ff
  24. D. Katz (1983) On the Dialectology of Yiddish. In: W. Besch u. a. (eds) dialectology. A handbook on German and general dialect research : 1018-1041
  25. D. Katz (1979) די אינעװײניקסטע קלאסיפיקאציע פון ​​די מערב יידישע דיאלעקטן. 53 סטע יערלעכע ייװאָ קאָנפערענץ 10. – 13. November 1979