Pakho mole
| Pakho mole | ||||||||||||
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| Euroscaptor parvidens | ||||||||||||
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The Pakho mole ( Euroscaptor parvidens ) is one of the species of Southeast Asian moles within the moles (Talpidae). It occurs scattered over individual sites in the southern part of China and in Vietnam . The animals mostly live in mountainous areas. Otherwise, hardly any information is available about their way of life. Outwardly they resemble other short-tailed representatives of the genus, the small size of the molars is particularly striking. The species was introduced in 1940. The endangerment of the stocks is unknown.
features
The Pakho mole reaches a head-trunk length of 12 to 15 cm and a tail length of 0.5 to 1.1 cm. The tail is approximately 5.6 to 6.1% of the length of the rest of the body. It is hump-shaped and covered with fur, most of which remains hidden under the fur. The species is similar in appearance to the Kloss mole ( Euroscaptor klossi ) and the Himalayan mole ( Euroscaptor micrura ) with a dark black-brown fur, but has a narrow head. The rear foot length is 1.8 cm, the forefoot length 1.9 cm.
The skull becomes 34 mm long and at the cranium 15 mm wide. It has a very long rostrum . The crown process of the lower jaw is short and wide, the angular process is well developed. The very small molars stand out on the dentition. The upper first and third premolars are about the same size and each have two roots. The upper second premolar is smaller and has only one root. The length of the upper row of teeth is 13 mm, that of the lower is 11 mm.
distribution
The Pakho mole is only known from four widely separated areas; further information on the distribution area is not available. The sites are in the southern part of the Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China , the Di-Linh Plateau in the Lâm Đồng Province in the south and the Ngoc-Linh Mountains in the Quảng Nam and Kon Tum provinces in the central area of Vietnam and Pakho (Rakho) in the province of Bắc Kạn in the north of the country. The species probably lives in the highlands in forest areas, the holotype was found at an altitude of 800 m near a river.
Way of life
Almost no information is available about the way of life of the Pakho mole, but it should agree with that of other moles. According to this, they mostly live underground, where they set up passage systems. Their diet consists of earthworms, insects and other small animals.
Systematics
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Internal systematics of the Southeast Asian moles according to Zemlemerova et al. 2016
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The Pakho mole is one of ten species within the genus of the Southeast Asian moles ( Euroscaptor ) and the mole family (Talpidae). Within the moles, the Southeast Asian moles belong to the tribe of the real moles (Talpini). The actual moles in turn include the mostly digging representatives of the moles. Other members of the family, on the other hand, only live partially underground, move above ground or are adapted to a semi-aquatic way of life. According to molecular genetic studies, the Southeast Asian moles can be divided into two kinship groups, the western longirostris group around the long-nosed mole ( Euroscaptor longirostris ) and the eastern parvidens group around the Pakho mole. The Vietnamese mole ( Euroscaptor subanura ) is closely related to the Pakho mole .
There are two subspecies:
- E. p. ngoclinhensis Zemlemerova , Bannikova , Lebedev , Rozhnov & Abramov , 2016; in the Ngoc Linh Mountains in central and southern Vietnam ; smaller subspecies; Row of teeth shorter; there is an additional small cusp (metastyle) on the first premolar;
- E. p. parvidens ( Miller , 1940); in southern Vietnam and southern China ; larger subspecies; Tooth row longer, no metastyle occurs on the first premolar;
Both subspecies had previously been identified through molecular genetic studies.
The first scientific description of the Pakho mole was in 1940 by Gerrit S. Miller under the name Talpa parvidens . The holotype includes a fully grown male animal (mistakenly identified as female by Miller) from near a small river near Di Linh in the southern Vietnamese province of Lâm Đồng . The individual was picked up by E. Poilane in 1933, while Poilane also noted that he had seen similar animals near Pakho in the north of the country. In the same year, Miller referred the species to the newly created genus Euroscaptor . The species Euroscaptor micrura was partially assigned as a subspecies.
Hazard and protection
Since the species is only known from four localities and no information is available about the population, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) does not assign it to a hazard class ( data deficient ) due to a lack of data . There are no known threats to the species. If it is dependent on forests, the clearing of forests and the expansion of agricultural land, plantations and human settlement areas pose a threat.
literature
- Robert S. Hoffmann, Darrin P. Lunde: Greater Chinese Mole. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2008, p. 323 ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- Boris Kryštufek, Masaharu Motokawa: Talpidae (Moles, Desmans, Star-nosed Moles and Shrew Moles). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths, Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 552–620 (p. 618) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4 .
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c Gerrit S. Miller: A New Mole from Annam. Journal of Mammalogy 21 (2), 1940, pp. 203-204.
- ^ A b Robert S. Hoffmann, Darrin P. Lunde: Greater Chinese Mole. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2008, p. 323 ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 .
- ↑ a b c d e f E. D. Zemlemerova, AA Bannikova, VS Lebedev, VV Rozhnov and AV Abramov: Secrets of the underground Vietnam: an underestimated species diversity of Asian moles (Lipotyphla: Talpidae: Euroscaptor). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 320 (2), 2016, pp. 193-220.
- ↑ a b c Boris Kryštufek, Masaharu Motokawa: Talpidae (Moles, Desmans, Star-nosed Moles and Shrew Moles). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths, Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 552–620 (p. 618) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4 .
- ↑ a b Euroscaptor parvidens in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Posted by: F. Chiozza, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ↑ a b Kai He, Akio Shinohara, Kristofer M. Helgen, Mark S. Springer, Xue-Long Jiang, Kevin L. Campbell: Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (1), 2016, pp. 78-87.
- ^ Gerrit S. Miller: Notes on Some Moles from Southeastern Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 21 (4), 1940, pp. 442-444.
- ↑ Euroscaptor parvidens . In: Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
Web links
- Euroscaptor parvidens inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Posted by: F. Chiozza, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2013.