Southeast Asian moles
| Southeast Asian moles | ||||||||||||
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| Euroscaptor | ||||||||||||
| Miller , 1940 |
The Southeast Asian moles ( Euroscaptor ) are a genus of mammals from the mole family (Talpidae). The genus currently includes nine species that live in eastern and south-eastern Asia .
features
Southeast Asian moles have the typical physique of the actual mole . Their body is cylindrical, the snout pointed. The pink forelimbs have been transformed into digging tools and are the largest of all moles in comparison to body size. The thick fur is mostly dark brown in color. As far as is known, these animals reach a head body length of 10 to 16 centimeters and a tail length of 0.7 to 2.5 centimeters. The tail is short and sparsely hairy.
| 3 | · | 1 | · | 4th | · | 3 | = 44 |
| 3 | · | 1 | · | 4th | · | 3 |
The animals have a bite that both the upper and lower jaw of three incisors (incisors), a canine (canine), four Vorbackenzähne (Praemolares) and three molars is (Molar) in one half of the jaw. The animals have a total of 44 teeth and thus differ from other Asian moles. The dentition is characterized by the small incisors , the enlarged canines and the also enlarged last premolar .
distribution
The species of the genus are widespread in East and Southeast Asia, whereby individual species can only have very small areas of distribution or are only proven from individual locations. The most widespread is Euroscaptor longirostris , which occurs in large parts of southern China . The distribution area of individual species extends from China, especially from Euroscaptor klossi via Vietnam , Thailand , Laos and Myanmar to the Malay Peninsula . Euroscaptor micrura lives in the eastern Himalayas via Nepal and Bhutan to northeast India.
Way of life
Little is known about the way of life of these animals, but it should agree with that of the other real moles. According to this, they mostly live underground, where they set up passage systems. Their diet consists of earthworms, insects and other small animals.
Systematics
The species of the Southeast Asian moles were previously classified in the genus Talpa , but are now in their own genus due to differences in the structure of the teeth and the pelvis. They are likely to be closely related to the white-tailed mole ( Parascaptor leucura ) and the short-faced mole ( Scaptochirus moschatus ), while the East Asian moles ( Mogera ) , which also live in the range, are phylogenetically somewhat further away from them. The genre was established in 1940 by Gerrit S. Miller . Miller differentiated Euroscaptor from Talpa by the very close position of the genitals to the anus and the shape of the penis . The Euroscaptor's glans is short and thick, and Talpa long and narrow. In contrast, he saw no difference between the two types of dentistry. Miller determined the Kloss mole ( Euroscaptor klossi ) as a type .
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Internal systematics of the Southeast Asian moles according to Zemlemerova et al. 2016
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Wilson & Reeder 2005 had six species within the genus Euroscaptor . In the period that followed, further forms were described, in part after molecular genetic studies revealed that the Southeast Asian moles contained several cryptic species. The following types are recognized today:
- the great Chinese mole ( Euroscaptor grandis ) lives in southern China ( Sichuan , Yunnan )
- the Kloss mole ( Euroscaptor klossi ) is common in hilly forest areas in Southeast Asia (from Sichuan to Thailand , Laos and Myanmar to the Malay Peninsula ).
- the Kuznetsov mole ( Euroscaptor kuznetsovi ) comes from the north of Vietnam , the species was introduced in 2016.
- the long-nosed mole ( Euroscaptor longirostris ) inhabits large parts of southern China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian).
- the Malaysia mole ( Euroscaptor malayana ) was previously considered a population of Euroscaptor micrura in Malaysia, but has been regarded as a separate species since 2008.
- the Himalayan mole ( Euroscaptor micrura ) lives in the eastern Himalayan region (from Nepal and Assam to southern China).
- the Orlov mole ( Euroscaptor orlovi ) lives in northern Vietnam and was described in 2016.
- the Pakho mole ( Euroscaptor parvidens ) occurs only in southern Vietnam.
- the Vietnamese mole ( Euroscaptor subanura ) from northern Vietnam was described in 2012.
The Japanese mountain mole ( Oreoscaptor mizura ) was originally carried within the Southeast Asian moles, but according to genetic data it forms the sister taxon of the East Asian moles ( Mogera ). Therefore, it was moved to the genus Oreoscaptor in 2016 . The independence of the great Chinese mole ( Euroscaptor grandis ) is currently uncertain.
literature
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 volumes. 6th edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD et al. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
- Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
Web links
- Endangerment level of the individual species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
supporting documents
- ^ A b Robert S. Hoffmann, Darrin Lunde: Genus Euroscaptor. In: Andrew T. Smith , Yan Xie (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 , pp. 322-323.
- ↑ a b c Shin-ichiro Kawada, Nguyen Truong Son, Dang Ngoc Can: A new species of mole of the genus Euroscaptor (Soricomorpha, Talpidae) from northern Vietnam. In: Journal of Mammalogy . 93 (3), 2012, pp. 839-850, doi : 10.1644 / 11-MAMM-A-296.1 .
- ^ Gerrit S. Miller: Notes on Some Moles from Southeastern Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 21 (4), 1940, pp. 442-444
- ↑ a b c d e E. D. Zemlemerova, AA Bannikova, VS Lebedev, VV Rozhnov, AV Abramov: Secrets of the underground Vietnam: an underestimated species diversity of Asian moles (Lipotyphla: Talpidae: Euroscaptor). In: Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS. 320 (2), 2016, pp. 193-220.
- ↑ Euroscaptor . In: Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
- ↑ a b Kai He, Akio Shinohara, Kristofer M. Helgen, Mark S. Springer, Xue-Long Jiang, Kevin L. Campbell: Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity. In: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (1), 2016, pp. 78–87.
- ↑ Shin-ichiro Kawada, Yasuda Masatoshi, Shinohara Akio, Lim Boo Liat : Redescription of the Malaysian Mole as to be a True Species, Euroscaptor malayana (Insectivora, Talpidae) (Biodiversity Inventory in the Western Pacific Region II. Indonesia and Malaysia). In: Memoirs of the National Science Museum. 45, 2008, pp. 65-74, [1] .
- ↑ Shin-ichiro Kawada: Morphological Review of the Japanese Mountain Mole (Eulipotyphla, Talpidae) with the Proposal of a New Genus. In: Mammal Study. 41 (4), 2016, pp. 191-205
- ↑ Boris Kryštufek, Masaharu Motokawa: Talpidae (Moles, Desmans, Star-nosed Moles and Shrew Moles). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths, Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 552-620 (pp. 617-619) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4 .