Pawukon calendar
The Pawukon calendar or Wuku calendar is a purely numerical calendar (→ arithmetic calendar ). It is common in Indonesia , especially Java and Bali . It has a cycle of 210 days.
The length of the year thus corresponds on the one hand to number- mystical beliefs in that it represents the product of the single-digit prime numbers, on the other hand it corresponds sufficiently well to the cycle length of traditional rice cultivation .
history
The creation of the Javanese cycle of 210 days goes back to the time of the Javanese original religion. The combination of the five-day market week with the seven-day week from India seems to extend into the 8th or 9th century AD. When the Hindu upper class of Java was ousted by Islam, they moved to Bali in 1478. With her culture she also brought her time calculation with her: the wuku period of 210 days, which still determines the passage of time in Bali today.
The Wuku "year"
A "year" comprises 210 days. It consists of a sequence of ten consecutive cycles of varying lengths from 1 to 10 days. The individual "years" are neither counted nor named. The beginning of the year is always a Sunday. The next "years" begin on the following Gregorian dates:
| 22nd January 2017 |
| 20th August 2017 |
| 18th March 2018 |
| October 14, 2018 |
| May 12, 2019 |
| December 8, 2019 |
| 5th July 2020 |
The cycles
The ten cycles consist of 1 to 10 days. The days of the individual cycles have the following names:
| 1 | Luang |
| 1 | Menga |
| 2 | Pepet |
| 1 | Pasah |
| 2 | G. Tegeh |
| 3 | Kajeng |
| 1 | Sri |
| 2 | Laba |
| 3 | Jaya |
| 4th | Menala |
| Ritual number | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Umanis | 5 |
| 2 | Paing | 9 |
| 3 | Pon | 7th |
| 4th | Dare | 4th |
| 5 | Kliwon | 8th |
| 1 | Tungleh |
| 2 | Aryang |
| 3 | Urination |
| 4th | Paniron |
| 5 | What |
| 6th | Maulu |
| Ritual number | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Redite | 5 |
| 2 | Coma | 4th |
| 3 | Anggara | 3 |
| 4th | Buda | 7th |
| 5 | Wraspati | 8th |
| 6th | Sukra | 6th |
| 7th | Saniscara | 9 |
| 1 | Sri |
| 2 | Indra |
| 3 | guru |
| 4th | Yama |
| 5 | Ludra |
| 6th | Brahma |
| 7th | Kala |
| 8th | Uma |
| 1 | Dangu |
| 2 | Jangur |
| 3 | Gigis |
| 4th | Nohan |
| 5 | Ogan |
| 6th | Erangan |
| 7th | Urungan |
| 8th | Tulus |
| 9 | Dadi |
| 1 | Pandita |
| 2 | Pati |
| 3 | Suka |
| 4th | Duka |
| 5 | Sri |
| 6th | Manuh |
| 7th | Manusa |
| 8th | Raja |
| 9 | Dewa |
| 10 | Raksasa |
The combination of the five-day group and the seven-day group form a cycle of 35 days, which is sometimes interpreted as a month.
The days
Each day is identified by a (unique) combination of the names of the ten cycle groups. The days of the three, five, six and seven-day groups run side by side in regular succession. The days of the one-, two-, and ten-day groups are determined by the ritual numbers of the five- and seven-day groups in the following way. The two ritual numbers are added and increased by 1, and this total is divided by 10; the remainder determines the day: If the remainder is an even number, the day is Luang (day of the one-day group) and Pepet (second day of the two-day group); the remainder itself determines the day of the ten-day group, with the value 10 being used instead of the remainder 0. For the days of the ten-day group, this results in an uneven distribution with unequal frequency; some days occur only twice in the 35 days, others up to five times. Since the four-, eight- and nine-day groups do not completely merge into a wuku, the sequence is interrupted by two or three "repetition days". These "repetition days" are inserted as Jaya and Kala at the beginning of the 11th week and Dangu at the beginning of the 1st week. The first ten days have the following names:
| 1 | Menga Pasah Sri Paing Tungleh Redite Sri Dangu Sri |
| 2 | Luang Pepet Beteng Laba Pon Aryang Coma Indra Dangu Pati |
| 3 | Luang Pepet Kajeng Jaya Wage Urukung Anggara Guru Dangu Raja |
| 4th | Luang Pepet Pasah Menala Kliwon Paniron Buda Yama Dangu Manuh |
| 5 | Luang Pepet Beteng Sri Umanis Was Wraspati Ludra Jangur Duka |
| 6th | Luang Pepet Kajeng Laba Paing Maulu Sukra Brahma Gigis Manuh |
| 7th | Menga Pasah Jaya Pon Tungleh Saniscara Kala Nohan Manusa |
| 8th | Luang Pepet Beteng Menala Wage Aryang Redite Uma Ogan Raksasa |
| 9 | Menga Kajeng Sri Kliwon Urukung Coma Sri Erangan Suka |
| 10 | Menga Pasah Laba Umanis Paniron Anggara Indra Urungan Dewa |
A complete list of the combinations for all 210 days of a cycle is available on Wikipedia.
The week
The 30 cycles of the seven-day group that correspond to our week each have their own name:
| week | Surname |
|---|---|
| 1 | Sinta |
| 2 | Landep |
| 3 | Ukir |
| 4th | Kulantir |
| 5 | Taulu |
| 6th | Gumbreg |
| 7th | Wariga |
| 8th | Warigadian |
| 9 | Julungwangi |
| 10 | Sungsang |
| 11 | Dunggulan |
| 12 | Kuningan |
| 13 | Langkir |
| 14th | Medangsia |
| 15th | Pujut |
| 16 | Pahang |
| 17th | Krulut |
| 18th | Merakih |
| 19th | Tambir |
| 20th | Medangkungan |
| 21st | Matal |
| 22nd | Uye |
| 23 | Menail |
| 24 | Perangbakat |
| 25th | Bala |
| 26th | Ugu |
| 27 | Wayang |
| 28 | Kelawu |
| 29 | Dukut |
| 30th | Watugunung |
The tika The traditional representation of the pawukon is a tika. It consists of 30 columns with seven lines each, on which the various cycles are represented by geometric symbols and result in regular patterns. It was mostly carved in wood or painted on fabric. Tikas are no longer made today, and few people understand the structure of the tikas. A modern Indonesian calendar contains not only the dates of the Pawukon calendar, but also the dates of the Gregorian, Javanese, Islamic, and Chinese calendars. The day names of the Pawukon calendar are arranged clockwise around the Gregorian day in this order: day of the five, four, two, nine, eight, ten, six and three day group.
Holidays
The most important festivals are determined by the three, five and seven day groups, so that many festivals recur every 15 or 35 days.
Kajeng Kliwon falls on the day on which the last day of the three-day group (Kajeng) and the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) coincide and therefore returns every 15 days.
Since the calendar starts on the second day of the five-day group, this is the 9th, 24th, 39th, 54th, 69th, 84th, 99th, 114th, 129th, 144th, 159th, 174th day. , 189th and 204th days.
Buda Kliwon falls on the day on which the fourth day of the seven-day group (Buda) and the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) coincide and therefore returns every 35 days.
Since the calendar starts on the second day of the five-day group, it is the 4th, 39th, 74th, 109th, 144th and 179th day, respectively.
Anggara Kliwon (Anggar Kassih) falls on the day on which the third day of the seven-day group (Anggara) and the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) coincide and therefore returns every 35 days.
Since the calendar begins on the second day of the five-day group, this is the 24th, 59th, 94th, 129th, 164th and 199th day respectively.
Buda Wage (Buda Cemeng) falls on the day on which the fourth day of the seven-day group (Buda) and the fourth day of the five-day group (Wage) coincide and therefore returns every 35 days.
Since the calendar starts on the second day of the five-day group, this is the 18th, 53rd, 88th, 123rd, 158th and 193rd day, respectively.
Tumpek falls on the day on which the last day of the seven-day group (Saniscara) and the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) coincide and therefore returns every 35 days. Kuningan is also a tumpek.
Since the calendar begins on the second day of the five-day group, this is the 14th, 49th, 84th, 119th, 154th and 189th day respectively.
Pengembang falls on the day on which the first day of the seven-day group (Redite) and the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) coincide and therefore recurs every 35 days.
Since the calendar begins on the second day of the five-day group, this is the 29th, 64th, 99th, 134th, 169th and 204th day respectively.
Galungan falls in the 11th week (Dunggulan) on the day on the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) and the fourth day of the seven-day group (Buda) coincide and therefore returns every 210 days.
That is always the 74th day.
Kuningan is the tenth day after Galungan and falls in the 12th week (Kuningan) on the day on which the last day of the five-day group (Kliwon) and the last day of the seven-day group (Saniscara) coincide and therefore returns every 210 days.
That is always the 84th day.
Saraswati (or Watugunung) is the last day of the calendar and is dedicated to the goddess Sarasvati . On this day, education and as its expression books are revered (not read). Major ceremonies take place in the temples (also) dedicated to Saraswati (e.g. Pura Ulun Danu Batur ).
Pagerwesi falls on the 4th day of the calendar and is a day of inner strengthening against Adharma. The name means iron fence .
For the next Wuku "years" the festivals fall on the following Gregorian dates:
| Kajeng Kliwon |
04/06/2019 19/06/2019 04/07/2019 19/07/2019 08/03/2019 05/20/2019 08/18/2019 09/02/2019 17/09/2019 10/02/2019 17/10/2019 11/01/2019 16/11/2019 01/12/2019 |
| Buda Kliwon |
05/15/2019 |
| Anggar Kassih |
04.06.2019 09.07.2019 13.08.2019 17.09.2019 22.10.2019 26.11.2019 |
| Buda Cemeng |
29.05.2019 03.07.2019 07.08.2019 11.09.2019 16.10.2019 20.11.2019 |
| Tumpek |
05/25/2019 06/29/2019 |
| Pengembang |
09.06.2019 14.07.2019 18.08.2019 22.09.2019 27.10.2019 01.12.2019 |
| Galungan |
24.07.2019 |
| Kuningan |
03.08.2019 |
See also
literature
- Friedrich Karl Ginzel : Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology . Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906.
- Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-521-77167-6 .
- Orientations. The Magazine for Collectors and Connoisseurs of Asian Art . Hong Kong, June 1980, ISSN 0030-5448 .
- Indonesian calendar from 1979 (private property)
Web links
- Alois Payer: Materials on Balinese Hinduism , The Balinese Calendar (here Pakuwon instead of Pawukon)
- Calendar program from Reingold, Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations - The Millennium Edition . Cambridge 2001
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology , Vol. 1, Leipzig 1906, p. 425.
- ↑ J. Stephen Lansing: Perfect Order (Princeton University Press 2006)
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology , Vol. 1, Leipzig 1906, p. 418.
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology , Vol. 2, Leipzig 1911, p. 512.
- ↑ Indonesian calendar from 1979 (private collection)
- ^ A b Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-521-77167-6 , p. 158.
- ↑ Indonesian calendar from 1979 (private collection)
- ↑ a b Orientations. The Magazine for Collectors and Connoisseurs of Asian Art . Hong Kong, June 1980, ISSN 0030-5448 , p. 70.
- ↑ Two unfortunately very small Tikas can be found under Sidarta Wijaya: Tika: Balinese Traditional Calendar ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Indonesian calendar from 1979 (private collection)
- ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-521-77167-6 , p. 161 f.
