Person-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The person-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy goes on by psychologist Carl Rogers developed (1902-1987) Person Centered Approach back to these developed since 1942 as part of its psychotherapeutic and educational work in the US.

With his personality concept, Rogers is one of the founders of humanistic psychology . Based on a phenomenological orientation, Rogers sees humans as a naturally evaluating organism and emphasizes their uniqueness and ability to choose, to make decisions and to find solutions for themselves within the framework of self-regulating processes. Based on Roger's empirical research, the client-centered psychotherapy (also called person-centered psychotherapy ) emerged, a psychotherapy method that is now recognized worldwide, in which the psychotherapeutic relationship is the decisive factor .

The non-directive play therapy

When he first formulated his new approach, Carl Rogers was working at a counseling center for children with behavioral problems. He therefore applied his approach to children very early on. With the book "Children's play therapy in non-directive procedures" (German 1984) by Virginia Axline published in 1947 , this form of play therapy was made known far beyond the USA. Axline formulated eight basic principles as a basis for the encounter with the child . As a further decisive condition, she named free play , with which the child can express and communicate at his own pace. Axline made the experience that this therapeutic offer, in which it is not attempted to change the child, but basically to accept and accept it as it is at the moment, led to profound personality changes. In the German-speaking countries, non-directive play therapy was made popular in the 1970s by Stefan Schmidtchen, Herbert Goetze, Wolfgang Jaede and Frank Baumgärtel.

Conceptual further development

From 1980, non-directive play therapy gave rise to what is now the decisive person-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy (in its predecessor form, also called client-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy ). The focus of person-centered child psychotherapy is the holistic development of the child's personality and not the reduction of individual symptoms. Through a specific therapeutic relationship design, characterized by the realization of unconditional positive appreciation , empathy and congruence , the tendency to actualize in the child is stimulated, which sets in motion far-reaching changes in the child's self-concept .

The level of action is primarily free play : It is the medium in which the child primarily expresses himself and stages his inner reality. The relationship patterns initiated by the child and the relationship to oneself are of paramount importance. In play, the feelings associated with the respective situation are relived and made accessible for processing: Conflicts and traumatic events are presented on the play level, repeated and changed at their own pace until the child can integrate them into his self-image.

While Axline accompanied the game more verbally and this non-directive orientation continues to have a certain status in the USA, the therapist's interventions in German-speaking countries also take place at the game level, i.e. H. the therapist answers and gives feedback through the way she plays along. Process-activating media, such as B. sand play, fairy tales and stories, body-related work, etc. that stimulate the child's self-exploration process.

Behr went on to develop an interactive treatment concept that describes how the relationship patterns and thus the self-schemata of the child or adolescent change in the new relationship experience with the therapist.

Application, indication and effectiveness

Play psychotherapy is suitable for children from around 3 years to around 12 years of age. It is usually done once a week and the therapy session lasts 50 minutes. Adolescents are offered a different therapeutic option because they no longer prefer to express themselves through play. Conversation, creative media or games like chess or billiards are used in this context. The frequency of contact and work with the environment are also different compared to working with children.

The extent to which person-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy is indicated for a mental disorder depends on the results of the psychodiagnostics that take place prior to treatment . The effectiveness of person-centered game psychotherapy has been proven in several studies. Disorder -specific guidelines have been developed for the most common clinical pictures ( anxiety disorders , depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , social behavior disorders , ADHD ).

Setting

Person-centered child psychotherapy is offered in different forms. In addition to individual therapy , person-centered group psychotherapy with children is the best known. In branch therapy , the therapist does not play with the child, but rather the child’s caregiver is instructed to solve relationship and interaction problems by playing together. This is a form of play therapy that has long been established in the USA. The work with the caregivers and the social environment of the child or youth is given a great importance.

Initial and continuing education

Training in person-centered child and adolescent psychotherapy takes place in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in the respective professional associations.

literature

  • VM Axline: Children's play therapy using a non-directive method. Orig. 1947, 10th edition. 2002.
  • VM Axline: Dibs. Orig. 1964. Droemer / Knauer 2004.
  • M. Behr: Interactional psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2012.
  • M. Behr, D. Hüsson, D. Nuding, C. Wakolbinger (Ed.): Children, young people, families. Person-centered methods and interactive treatment concepts. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2014.
  • C. Boeck-Singelmann, B. Ehlers, Th. Hensel, F. Kemper, Ch. Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Volume 1, 2, 3. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002.
  • E. Dorfman: Play Therapy. In: CR Rogers: The client-centered conversation psychotherapy. Kindler, Munich 1972, 1942, pp. 219-254.
  • H. Goetze: Handbook of person-centered play therapy. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2001.
  • CM Hockel: Person-centered child psychotherapy. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 2011.
  • CR Rogers: The clinical treatment of the problem child. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1939.
  • CR Rogers: A Theory of Psychotherapy, Personality, and Interpersonal Relationships. GwG Verlag, Cologne 1959/1991
  • S. Schmidtchen: Client-centered play therapy. Beltz, Weinheim 1978.
  • S. Weinberger: Helping children playfully - Introduction to person-centered game psychotherapy. 6th edition. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim 2015.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Eberwein (Ed.): Humanistic Psychotherapy: Sources, Theories and Techniques . 1st edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-13-143921-5 .
  2. ^ Jürgen Kriz : Humanistic Psychotherapy in the Context of the German Health System . In: conversational psychotherapy and person-centered counseling . No. 42 . GwG, 2013, p. 64-71 .
  3. ↑ Virginia Mae Axline : Child play therapy in the non-directive method . 10th edition. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-497-01623-3 , p. 344 (English, original title: Play Therapy. The InnerDynamics of Childhood . 1947. Translated by Ruth Bang).
  4. ^ Stefan Schmidtchen: Client-centered play therapy . 1st edition. Beltz, Weinheim 1974, ISBN 3-407-54508-8 , pp. 136 .
  5. ↑ Herbert Goetze and Wolfgang Jaede: The non-directive play therapy - an effective method for the treatment of behavioral disorders in children . 1st edition. Kindler, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-463-00579-4 , pp. 220 .
  6. ↑ Frank Baumgärtel: Theory and Practice of Child Psychotherapy . Pfeiffer, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-7904-0174-9 , p. 331 .
  7. ^ Garry Landreth: Play therapy - The Art of the Relationship . 3rd, revised edition. Routledge, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-415-88681-9 , pp. 442 .
  8. ↑ Claudia Boeck-Singelmann, Beate Ehlers, Thomas Hensel, Franz Kemper, Christiane Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-focused psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Volume 1, 2, 3 . 2nd Edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002. ISBN 3-8017-1407-1 (Volume 1), ISBN 3-8017-1455-1 (Volume 2), ISBN 3-8017-1105-6 (Volume 3)
  9. ^ Herbert Goetze: Handbook of person-centered play therapy . 1st edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-8017-1334-2 .
  10. ↑ Curd Michael Hockel: Person-centered child psychotherapy . 1st edition. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-497-02201-4 , pp. 191 .
  11. ^ Sabine Weinberger: Helping children playfully - Introduction to person-centered game psychotherapy . 6th edition. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-7799-3161-4 , p. 344 .
  12. ↑ Michael Behr: Interactional psychotherapy with children and adolescents . 1st edition. Hogrefe, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8017-2248-7 , pp. 242 .
  13. ^ Christiane Monden-Engelhardt: On person-centered psychotherapy with adolescents . In: Christiane Boeck-Singelmann et al. (Ed.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents . 2nd Edition. tape 2 . Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-8017-1455-1 , p. 9-72 .
  14. ↑ Sabine Weinberger, Christiane Papastefanou: way through the labyrinth - Person-centered counseling and psychotherapy with adolescents . 1st edition. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-7799-2072-4 , p. 302 .
  15. ↑ Hans-Peter Heekerens: Effectiveness of person-centered child and adolescent psycholotherapy . In: C. Boeck-Singelmann, B. Ehlers, T. Hensel, F. Kemper and C. Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-8017-1407-1 , p. 195-207 .
  16. ^ Stefan Schmidtchen: New research results on the processes and effects of therapeutic child play therapy . In: C. Boeck-Singelmann, B. Ehlers, T. Hensel, F. Kemper and C. Monden-Engelhardt (eds.): Person-centered psychotherapy with children and adolescents . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-8017-1407-1 , p. 153-194 .
  17. ↑ Dagmar Nuding, Michael Behr: Effectiveness of person-centered experimental child and adolescent psychotherapy . In: M. Behr, D. Hüsson, D. Nuding, C. Wakolbinger (eds.): Psychotherapy and counseling for children, adolescents, families - person-centered articles from two decades . 1st edition. Facultas, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-7089-1127-4 , pp. 17-21 .
  18. ↑ Michael Behr, Dorothea Hüsson, Dagmar Nuding and Christine Wakolbinger (eds.): Psychotherapy and counseling for children, adolescents, families - person-centered articles from two decades . 1st edition. Facultas, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-7089-1127-4 , pp. 358 .
  19. ↑ GwG - Society for Person-Centered Psychotherapy  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.gwg-ec.org   . Cologne
  20. ↑ ÖgwG - Austrian Society for Scientific, client-centered psychotherapy and person-oriented conversation . Vienna
  21. ^ VRP - Rogerian Psychotherapy Association
  22. ↑ IPS-APG - Institute for Person-Centered Studies
  23. ↑ Swiss Society for the Person-Centered Approach